द्राक्षा
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
- দ্ৰাক্ষা (Assamese script)
- ᬤ᭄ᬭᬵᬓ᭄ᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
- দ্রাক্ষা (Bengali script)
- 𑰟𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- ဒြာက္ၑာ (Burmese script)
- દ્રાક્ષા (Gujarati script)
- ਦ੍ਰਾਕ੍ਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌦𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦢꦿꦴꦏ꧀ꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂠𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಾ (Kannada script)
- ទ្រាក្ឞា (Khmer script)
- ທ຺ຣາກ຺ຩາ (Lao script)
- ദ്രാക്ഷാ (Malayalam script)
- ᡩᡵᠠ᠊ᠠᡬᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘟𑘿𑘨𑘰𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᢑᠷᠠᢗᢉᢔᠠ᠋ᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦿𑧠𑧈𑧑𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
- ଦ୍ରାକ୍ଷା (Odia script)
- ꢣ꣄ꢬꢵꢒ꣄ꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆢𑇀𑆫𑆳𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖟𑖿𑖨𑖯𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
- ද්රාක්ෂා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩭 𑪙𑩼𑩛𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚭𑚊𑚶𑚭 (Takri script)
- த்³ராக்ஷா (Tamil script)
- ద్రాక్షా (Telugu script)
- ทฺรากฺษา (Thai script)
- དྲཱ་ཀྵཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒠𑓂𑒩𑒰𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨛𑩇𑨫𑨊𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Of uncertain origin.
Due to similar forms denoting various berry-type fruits found in various Indo-European branches, the word is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dráHgẓʰaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráHȷ́žʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂ǵ-seh₂ (“grape, vine”), from *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”). Said similar words include Latin frāgum (“strawberry”), Albanian dredhëz (“strawberry”), Ancient Greek τρῠ́ξ (trŭ́x, “unfermented wine”), Proto-Slavic *dẽrnъ (“blackthorn, cornel”), and Old Irish derc (“berry”);[1] compare also the Nuristani forms Ashkun drās (“grape”), Kamkata-viri dros (“grape”), Prasuni rasik (“grape”), Tregami drās (“grape”), Waigali drās (“grape”), which seem to be from a preform *dʰráHsaH.
However, Mayrhofer notes that the variance of the word's secondary forms in Indo-Aryan, like *द्रक्षा (*drakṣā) and ध्राक्षा (dhrākṣā), as well as the word's lack of attestation in Vedic texts, suggest a borrowing from some foreign source rather than inheritance from Indo-Aryan. The exact language of borrowing is unclear, possibly Iranian, Greek, or some unknown language of Asia Minor. In this case, the word may be a Wanderwort, spreading to some or all of the supposed cognates via contact rather than inheritance (or the word was inherited in some branches but not Indo-Iranian, where it was borrowed instead).[2][3]
An alternative theory by Oberlies takes the word as a re-Sanskritization of a hypothetical Middle Indic *दच्छा (*dacchā), itself from द्रप्स (drapsa, “drop”). This proposal is formally and semantically unconvincing, and has not been elaborated on further.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d̪ɾɑːk.ʂɑː/
Noun
द्राक्षा • (drā́kṣā) stem, f
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | द्राक्षा (drā́kṣā) | द्राक्षे (drā́kṣe) | द्राक्षाः (drā́kṣāḥ) |
| accusative | द्राक्षाम् (drā́kṣām) | द्राक्षे (drā́kṣe) | द्राक्षाः (drā́kṣāḥ) |
| instrumental | द्राक्षया (drā́kṣayā) द्राक्षा¹ (drā́kṣā¹) |
द्राक्षाभ्याम् (drā́kṣābhyām) | द्राक्षाभिः (drā́kṣābhiḥ) |
| dative | द्राक्षायै (drā́kṣāyai) | द्राक्षाभ्याम् (drā́kṣābhyām) | द्राक्षाभ्यः (drā́kṣābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | द्राक्षायाः (drā́kṣāyāḥ) द्राक्षायै² (drā́kṣāyai²) |
द्राक्षाभ्याम् (drā́kṣābhyām) | द्राक्षाभ्यः (drā́kṣābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | द्राक्षायाः (drā́kṣāyāḥ) द्राक्षायै² (drā́kṣāyai²) |
द्राक्षयोः (drā́kṣayoḥ) | द्राक्षाणाम् (drā́kṣāṇām) |
| locative | द्राक्षायाम् (drā́kṣāyām) | द्राक्षयोः (drā́kṣayoḥ) | द्राक्षासु (drā́kṣāsu) |
| vocative | द्राक्षे (drā́kṣe) | द्राक्षे (drā́kṣe) | द्राक्षाः (drā́kṣāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Hindi: दाख (dākh)
- → Bengali: দ্রাক্ষা (drakkha)
- Urdu: داكھ
- Gujarati: દરાખ (darākh)
- Kalasha: drač̣ (“grapes”)
- Khowar: دروݯ (“droč̣”)
- Punjabi: ਦਾਖ (dākh)
- Phalura: dhráac̣
- Romani: drakh
- → Gujarati: દ્રાક્ષ (drākṣ)
- → Marathi: द्राक्ष (drākṣa)
- → Tamil: தாச்சா (tāccā), திராட்சை (tirāṭcai)
- → Telugu: ద్రాక్ష (drākṣa)
- Sindhi: दाख (dākha)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “द्राक्षा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 501/3.
- ^ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “dearc”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language[1], Stirling, →ISBN, page 126
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 272
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 75