भाषते

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ভাষতে (Assamese script)
ᬪᬵᬱᬢᬾ (Balinese script)
ভাষতে (Bengali script)
𑰥𑰯𑰬𑰝𑰸 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀪𑀸𑀱𑀢𑁂 (Brahmi script)
ဘာၑတေ (Burmese script)
ભાષતે (Gujarati script)
ਭਾਸ਼ਤੇ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌭𑌾𑌷𑌤𑍇 (Grantha script)
ꦨꦴꦰꦠꦺ (Javanese script)
𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂞𑂵 (Kaithi script)
ಭಾಷತೇ (Kannada script)
ភាឞតេ (Khmer script)
ຠາຩເຕ (Lao script)
ഭാഷതേ (Malayalam script)
ᢨᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᠠᢠᡝ (Manchu script)
𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘝𑘹 (Modi script)
ᠪᠾᠠᢗᢔᠠᢐᠧ (Mongolian script)
𑧅𑧑𑧌𑦽𑧚 (Nandinagari script)
𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐟𑐾 (Newa script)
ଭାଷତେ (Odia script)
ꢩꢵꢰꢡꢾ (Saurashtra script)
𑆨𑆳𑆰𑆠𑆼 (Sharada script)
𑖥𑖯𑖬𑖝𑖸 (Siddham script)
භාෂතෙ (Sinhalese script)
𑩳𑩛𑪀𑩫𑩔 (Soyombo script)
𑚡𑚭𑚙𑚲 (Takri script)
ப⁴ாஷதே (Tamil script)
భాషతే (Telugu script)
ภาษเต (Thai script)
བྷཱ་ཥ་ཏེ (Tibetan script)
𑒦𑒰𑒭𑒞𑒹 (Tirhuta script)
𑨡𑨊𑨯𑨙𑨄 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.?

Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā)?

Sanskrit भाषते (bhāṣate)

Uncertain.^[1]^[2]

Per Mayrhofer, probably from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, say”), undergoing unetymological retroflexion in order to prevent confusion with भासते (bhāsate, “to shine”), which is derived from a homonymous Indo-European root.
Supporters of Fortunatov's law (including Burrow and, at least in this case, Turner) claim it is a denominal verb of भाषा (bhāṣā), itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-s-eh₂, from the root *bʰel- (“to sound”) with s-extension; compare Lithuanian bal̃sas (“voice”).^[3]^[4] Per the law, *-l- induces retroflexion.

Relationship with Sanskrit भषति (bhaṣati, “to bark”) is unclear.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /bʱɑ́ː.ʂɐ.tɐj/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /bʱɑː.ʂɐ.t̪eː/

Verb

भाष॑ते • (bhā́ṣate) third-singular indicative (class 1, type A, present, root भाष्)^[5]

to speak, say, talk
to announce

Conjugation

Present: भाषते (bhā́ṣate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषते bhā́ṣate	भाषेते bhā́ṣete	भाषन्ते bhā́ṣante
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषसे bhā́ṣase	भाषेथे bhā́ṣethe	भाषध्वे bhā́ṣadhve
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषे bhā́ṣe	भाषावहे bhā́ṣāvahe	भाषामहे bhā́ṣāmahe
Imperative
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषताम् bhā́ṣatām	भाषेताम् bhā́ṣetām	भाषन्ताम् bhā́ṣantām
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषस्व bhā́ṣasva	भाषेथाम् bhā́ṣethām	भाषध्वम् bhā́ṣadhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषै bhā́ṣai	भाषावहै bhā́ṣāvahai	भाषामहै bhā́ṣāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषेत bhā́ṣeta	भाषेयाताम् bhā́ṣeyātām	भाषेरन् bhā́ṣeran
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषेथाः bhā́ṣethāḥ	भाषेयाथाम् bhā́ṣeyāthām	भाषेध्वम् bhā́ṣedhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषेय bhā́ṣeya	भाषेवहि bhā́ṣevahi	भाषेमहि bhā́ṣemahi
Subjunctive
Third	- -	- -	- -	भाषाते / भाषातै bhā́ṣāte / bhā́ṣātai	भाषैते bhā́ṣaite	भाषन्त / भाषान्तै bhā́ṣanta / bhā́ṣāntai
Second	- -	- -	- -	भाषासे / भाषासै bhā́ṣāse / bhā́ṣāsai	भाषैथे bhā́ṣaithe	भाषाध्वै bhā́ṣādhvai
First	- -	- -	- -	भाषै bhā́ṣai	भाषावहै bhā́ṣāvahai	भाषामहै bhā́ṣāmahai
Participles
	- -			भाषमाण bhā́ṣamāṇa
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit.

Imperfect: अभाषत (ábhāṣata)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	- -	- -	- -	अभाषत ábhāṣata	अभाषेताम् ábhāṣetām	अभाषन्त ábhāṣanta
Second	- -	- -	- -	अभाषथाः ábhāṣathāḥ	अभाषेथाम् ábhāṣethām	अभाषध्वम् ábhāṣadhvam
First	- -	- -	- -	अभाषे ábhāṣe	अभाषावहि ábhāṣāvahi	अभाषामहि ábhāṣāmahi

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂 (bhāsite, “said”)
- Gandhari: 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi)
- Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀇 (bhāsaï)
Pali: bhāsati

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) “bhā́ṣate”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 497
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHĀṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 261
^ Burrow, Thomas (1972) “A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎^[3], volume 35, number 3, pages 531–545
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “bhā́ṣatē”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540
^ Monier Williams (1899) “भाषते”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page भाष्, 755.

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) “bhā́ṣate”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 497

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHĀṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 261

[3] Burrow, Thomas (1972) “A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎^[3], volume 35, number 3, pages 531–545

[4] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “bhā́ṣatē”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540

[5] Monier Williams (1899) “भाषते”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page भाष्, 755.

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