लोक

See also: लंका

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit लोक (loka). Doublet of लोग (log) and लोअ (loa).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /loːk/

Noun

लोक • (lok) m (Urdu spelling لوک)

public
Synonym: जन (jan)

हमारा नेता बड़ा धोखेबाज़ है, पर लोक द्वारा समर्थित है।
hamārā netā baṛā dhokhebāz hai, par lok dvārā samarthit hai.
Our leader is a cheat, but he is supported by the public.
folk
Synonym: लोग (log)

यह चावल गाँव लोक से आते हैं।
yah cāval gā̃v lok se āte ha͠i.
This rice comes from the village folk.
world
मौत के समय पर, हर एक आदमी स्वर्ग-लोक पहुँचना चाहते हैं।
maut ke samay par, har ek ādmī svarg-lok pahũcnā cāhte ha͠i.
Each and every person wants to go to the world of paradise (heaven) upon their death.

Declension

Declension of *लोक* (masc cons-stem)
	singular	plural
direct	लोक lok	लोक lok
oblique	लोक lok	लोकों lokõ
vocative	लोक lok	लोको loko

Derived terms

लोकतंत्र (loktantra)

References

Bahri, Hardev (1989) “लोक”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Konkani

Noun

लोक • (lok) m (Latin script lok, Kannada script ಲೊಕ್)

(plural only) people

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit लोक (loká).

Noun

लोक • (lok) m pl

people, folk

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “लोक”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “लोक”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Old Awadhi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit लोक (loká).

Noun

लोक (loka) (plural लोकन)

world (countable)
- c. 1500s CE, Tulsīdās, Saṅkaṭmocan Hanumān Aṣṭak:
  तब तीनहुँ लोक भयो अँधियारो।
  taba tīnahum̐ loka bhayo am̐dhiyāro.
  Then, the three worlds turned dark

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

loka (Latin script)
𑀮𑁄𑀓 (Brahmi script)
লোক (Bengali script)
ලොක (Sinhalese script)
လောက or လေႃၵ (Burmese script)
โลก or โลกะ (Thai script)
ᩃᩮᩣᨠ (Tai Tham script)
ໂລກ or ໂລກະ (Lao script)
លោក (Khmer script)
𑄣𑄮𑄇 (Chakma script)

Noun

लोक m

Devanagari script form of loka (“world”)

Declension

Declension table of "लोक" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	लोको (loko)	लोका (lokā)
Accusative (second)	लोकं (lokaṃ)	लोके (loke)
Instrumental (third)	लोकेन (lokena)	लोकेहि (lokehi) or लोकेभि (lokebhi)
Dative (fourth)	लोकस्स (lokassa) or लोकाय (lokāya) or लोकत्थं (lokatthaṃ)	लोकानं (lokānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	लोकस्मा (lokasmā) or लोकम्हा (lokamhā) or लोका (lokā)	लोकेहि (lokehi) or लोकेभि (lokebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	लोकस्स (lokassa)	लोकानं (lokānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	लोकस्मिं (lokasmiṃ) or लोकम्हि (lokamhi) or लोके (loke)	लोकेसु (lokesu)
Vocative (calling)	लोक (loka)	लोका (lokā)

Rajbanshi

Noun

लोक (lok) (classifier ट, plural लोकला)

man

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

লোক (Assamese script)
ᬮᭀᬓ (Balinese script)
লোক (Bengali script)
𑰩𑰺𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀮𑁄𑀓 (Brahmi script)
လောက (Burmese script)
લોક (Gujarati script)
ਲੋਕ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌲𑍋𑌕 (Grantha script)
ꦭꦺꦴꦏ (Javanese script)
𑂪𑂷𑂍 (Kaithi script)
ಲೋಕ (Kannada script)
លោក (Khmer script)
ໂລກ (Lao script)
ലോക (Malayalam script)
ᠯᠣᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘩𑘻𑘎 (Modi script)
ᠯᠣᠸᠠᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧉𑧜𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
𑐮𑑀𑐎 (Newa script)
ଲୋକ (Odia script)
ꢭꣂꢒ (Saurashtra script)
𑆬𑆾𑆑 (Sharada script)
𑖩𑖺𑖎 (Siddham script)
ලොක (Sinhalese script)
𑩽𑩕𑩜 (Soyombo script)
𑚥𑚴𑚊 (Takri script)
லோக (Tamil script)
లోక (Telugu script)
โลก (Thai script)
ལོ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
𑒪𑒼𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
𑨬𑨆𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lowk-ó-s (open space), from *lewk- (“to shine”). Cognate with Latin lūcus (“sacred grove”), Lithuanian laũkas (“field”), Old English lēah (“open field, meadow”) (whence English lea).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /lɐw.kɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /l̪oː.kɐ/

Noun

लोक • (loká) stem, m

free or open space.
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 6.47.8.1:
  उ॒रुं नो॑ लो॒कम्अनु॑ नेषि वि॒द्वान्त्स्व॑र्व॒ज्ज्योति॒रभ॑यं स्व॒स्ति ।
  urúṃ no lokámánu neṣi vidvā́ntsvàrvajjyótirábhayaṃ svastí.
  Lead us to ample wide space, O thou who knowest, to happiness, security, and sunlight.
world, realm; the earth or world of human beings.
the inhabitants of the world, mankind, folk, people.
men (as opposed to women).
a company, community
ordinary life, worldly affairs, common practice or usage.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of लोक
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लोकः (lokáḥ)	लोकौ (lokaú) लोका¹ (lokā́¹)	लोकाः (lokā́ḥ) लोकासः¹ (lokā́saḥ¹)
accusative	लोकम् (lokám)	लोकौ (lokaú) लोका¹ (lokā́¹)	लोकान् (lokā́n)
instrumental	लोकेन (lokéna)	लोकाभ्याम् (lokā́bhyām)	लोकैः (lokaíḥ) लोकेभिः¹ (lokébhiḥ¹)
dative	लोकाय (lokā́ya)	लोकाभ्याम् (lokā́bhyām)	लोकेभ्यः (lokébhyaḥ)
ablative	लोकात् (lokā́t)	लोकाभ्याम् (lokā́bhyām)	लोकेभ्यः (lokébhyaḥ)
genitive	लोकस्य (lokásya)	लोकयोः (lokáyoḥ)	लोकानाम् (lokā́nām)
locative	लोके (loké)	लोकयोः (lokáyoḥ)	लोकेषु (lokéṣu)
vocative	लोक (lóka)	लोकौ (lókau) लोका¹ (lókā¹)	लोकाः (lókāḥ) लोकासः¹ (lókāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

इन्द्रलोक (indraloka, “Indraloka, the realm of Indra”)
त्रिलोक (triloka, “Triloka, the three worlds”)
ब्रह्मालोक (brahmāloka, “Brahmaloka, the realm of Brahma”)
भूलोक (bhūloka, “the Earth”)
लोकपाल (lokapāla)
विष्णुलोक (viṣṇuloka, “Vishnuloka, the realm of Vishnu”)
सत्यलोक (satyaloka, “the righteous world”)
सप्तलोक (saptaloka, “the seven worlds”)

Descendants

Austronesian:
- → Balinese: ᬮᭀᬓ (loka)
- → Javanese: ꦭꦺꦴꦏ (loka, loko)
  - → Banyumasan: ꦭꦺꦴꦏ (lokak)
Assamese: লোক (lük)
Bengali: লোক (lōk)
→ Burmese: လောက (lau:ka.)
Hindi: लोग (log), लोक (lok)
Kashmiri: لوٗکھ (lūkh), لُکھ (lukh)
→ Lao: ໂລກ (lōk)
→ Malayalam: ലോകം (lōkaṁ), ഉലകം (ulakaṁ)
→ Mon: လောက (lòkaˀ)
→ Old Awadhi: (learned) loka
Devanagari script: लोक

Kaithi script: 𑂪𑂷𑂍
→ Odia: ଲୋକ (loka)
→ Parthian: (/⁠lōg⁠/, “world”)
Manichaean script: 𐫓𐫇𐫃 (lwg)
→ Punjabi: ਲੋਕ (lok)
→ Sogdian: (/⁠δoka~loka, rok~lok⁠/, “world”)
Buddhist Sogdian: 𐼹𐼴𐼸𐼰‎ (δwkʾ‎), 𐽀𐼴𐼸 (rwk)
→ Telugu: లోకము (lōkamu)
Tamil: → லோகம் (lōkam), ⇒ உலகம் (ulakam), உலகு (ulaku)
→ Thai: โลก (lôok)
Urdu: لوگ (log)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “लोक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 906/1-2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 481