शिक्षा
See also: shiksa
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā), from the root verb शिक्ष् (śikṣ, “to learn, study”). Doublet of सिख (sikh) and सीख (sīkh).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ʃɪk.ʂɑː/, [ʃɪk.ʃäː]
Noun
शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f (Urdu spelling شکشا)
- education
- इस देश में शिक्षा का स्तर गिर गया है।
- is deś mẽ śikṣā kā star gir gayā hai.
- In this country the standard of education has declined.
- lesson, moral
- इस कहानी की शिक्षा यह है।
- is kahānī kī śikṣā yah hai.
- This is the moral of the story.
- तुम्हें इससे शिक्षा लेनी चाहिये।
- tumhẽ isse śikṣā lenī cāhiye.
- This should be a lesson to you.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | शिक्षा śikṣā |
शिक्षाएँ śikṣāẽ |
| oblique | शिक्षा śikṣā |
शिक्षाओं śikṣāõ |
| vocative | शिक्षा śikṣā |
शिक्षाओ śikṣāo |
Synonyms
Derived terms
- शिक्षापद्धति (śikṣāpaddhati, “system of education”)
- शिक्षापरिषद् (śikṣāpriṣad, “academic council”)
- शिक्षाशास्त्र (śikṣāśāstra, “pedagogy”)
- शिक्षित (śikṣit, “literate, educated”)
- अशिक्षित (aśikṣit, “illiterate”)
References
- Bahri, Hardev (1989) “शिक्षा”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
- Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “शिक्षा”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
Marathi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘫𑘲𑘎 (śīka), 𑘭𑘲𑘏 (sīkha). Compare Hindi शिक्षा (śikṣā) and Kannada ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ (śikṣe).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɕik.ʂa/
Noun
शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f
- punishment, chastisement
- Synonyms: दंड (daṇḍa), सजा (sajā)
- अशा गंभीर चुकीसाठी शिक्षा आवश्यक आहे.
- aśā gambhīr cukīsāṭhī śikṣā āvaśyak āhe.
- Punishment is necessary for such a serious mistake.
Declension
| Declension of शिक्षा (fem ā-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
शिक्षा śikṣā | ||
| direct plural |
शिक्षा śikṣā | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
शिक्षा śikṣā |
शिक्षा śikṣā | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
शिक्षे śikṣe |
शिक्षां- śikṣān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
शिक्षेला śikṣelā |
शिक्षांना śikṣānnā | |
| ergative | शिक्षेने, शिक्षेनं śikṣene, śikṣena |
शिक्षांनी śikṣānnī | |
| instrumental | शिक्षेशी śikṣeśī |
शिक्षांशी śikṣānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
शिक्षेत śikṣet |
शिक्षांत śikṣāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
शिक्षे śikṣe |
शिक्षांनो śikṣānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of शिक्षा (fem ā-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
शिक्षेचा śikṣeċā |
शिक्षेचे śikṣeċe |
शिक्षेची śikṣecī |
शिक्षेच्या śikṣecā |
शिक्षेचे, शिक्षेचं śikṣeċe, śikṣeċa |
शिक्षेची śikṣecī |
शिक्षेच्या śikṣecā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
शिक्षांचा śikṣānċā |
शिक्षांचे śikṣānċe |
शिक्षांची śikṣāñcī |
शिक्षांच्या śikṣāncā |
शिक्षांचे, शिक्षांचं śikṣānċe, śikṣānċa |
शिक्षांची śikṣāñcī |
शिक्षांच्या śikṣāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “शिक्षा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “शिक”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan
Nepali
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sik̚t͡sʰjä]
- Phonetic Devanagari: सिछा
- IPA(key): [sit̚t͡sʰjä]
- Phonetic Devanagari: सिच्छ्या
Noun
शिक्षा • (śikṣā)
Old Gujarati
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā).
Noun
शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- শিক্ষা (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬶᬓ᭄ᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
- শিক্ষা (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰰𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- ၐိက္ၑာ (Burmese script)
- શિક્ષા (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ਿਕ੍ਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑌿𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦶꦏ꧀ꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂱𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ಶಿಕ್ಷಾ (Kannada script)
- ឝិក្ឞា (Khmer script)
- ຨິກ຺ຩາ (Lao script)
- ശിക്ഷാ (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᡳᡬᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘱𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠢᢉᢔᠠ᠋ᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧒𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
- ଶିକ୍ଷା (Odia script)
- ꢯꢶꢒ꣄ꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆴𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖰𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
- ශික්ෂා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩑𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚮𑚊𑚶𑚭 (Takri script)
- ஶிக்ஷா (Tamil script)
- శిక్షా (Telugu script)
- ศิกฺษา (Thai script)
- ཤི་ཀྵཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒱𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨁𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćikš- (“to learn”) ,from Proto-Indo-European *ḱí-ḱ(e)k-se-ti, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, “learned”), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšaiia, “to be learned”). By surface analysis, from the root शिक्ष् (śikṣ) + -आ (-ā).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɕik.ʂɑː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɕik.ʂɑː/
Noun
शिक्षा • (śikṣā) stem, f
- (originally) desire of being able to effect anything; a wish to accomplish
- learning, study
- knowledge, art, skill
- teaching, training
- chastisement, punishment
- the science which teaches proper articulation and pronunciation of Vedic texts
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शिक्षा (śikṣā) | शिक्षे (śikṣe) | शिक्षाः (śikṣāḥ) |
| accusative | शिक्षाम् (śikṣām) | शिक्षे (śikṣe) | शिक्षाः (śikṣāḥ) |
| instrumental | शिक्षया (śikṣayā) शिक्षा¹ (śikṣā¹) |
शिक्षाभ्याम् (śikṣābhyām) | शिक्षाभिः (śikṣābhiḥ) |
| dative | शिक्षायै (śikṣāyai) | शिक्षाभ्याम् (śikṣābhyām) | शिक्षाभ्यः (śikṣābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शिक्षायाः (śikṣāyāḥ) शिक्षायै² (śikṣāyai²) |
शिक्षाभ्याम् (śikṣābhyām) | शिक्षाभ्यः (śikṣābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शिक्षायाः (śikṣāyāḥ) शिक्षायै² (śikṣāyai²) |
शिक्षयोः (śikṣayoḥ) | शिक्षाणाम् (śikṣāṇām) |
| locative | शिक्षायाम् (śikṣāyām) | शिक्षयोः (śikṣayoḥ) | शिक्षासु (śikṣāsu) |
| vocative | शिक्षे (śikṣe) | शिक्षे (śikṣe) | शिक्षाः (śikṣāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Assamese: শিক্ষা (xikha, “education”), সেকা (xeka, “retaliation”)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸 (sikkhā)
- → Hindi: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
- → Khmer: សិក្សា (səksaa)
- → Lao: ສຶກສາ (sưk sā)
- → Nepali: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
- → Old Gujarati: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
- → Thai: ศึกษา (sʉ̀k-sǎa)
- → Northern Thai: ᩆᩧᨠ᩠ᩇᩣ
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “शिक्षा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1070/1.
Further reading
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “śikṣā”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.