Egyptian
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /cʼaˈbaʕ/ → /tʼaˈbaʕ/ → /tʼəˈbaʕ/ → /tʼəˈβaʕ/
Numeral
- ten thousand
Inflection
|
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| singular
|
ḏbꜥ
|
—
|
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁ (tba)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲑⲃⲁ (thba)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲃⲉ (tbe)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁ (tba)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲃⲁ (tba)
Etymology 2
Compare with Arabic إصبع (ʔiṣbaʕ, “finger”) and Mina dzəbuŋ (“five”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈcʼuːbaʕ/ → /ˈtʼuːbaʕ/ → /ˈtʼuːbəʕ/ → /ˈtʼeːβəʕ/
Noun
m
- (anatomy) finger (inclusive of the thumb) [since the Pyramid Texts]
- (anatomy, Late Egyptian) digit: a finger, thumb, or toe
- (units of measure) digit: a measure of length equal to 1⁄28 cubit (about 1.88 cm). [since the Old Kingdom]
- small quantity (of a substance such as fat or honey), the amount that can be scooped up by a fingertip [Medical Papyri]
Usage notes
In Old Egyptian the sign
in this word was generally mirrored compared to the orientation shown here. Later writings use the unmirrored orientation.
The dual form of this word is commonly used with plural meaning. Furthermore, in the 19th and 20th Dynasties the dual form of the suffix pronoun .fj is often found with this word, even when the word itself is in plural form.
Inflection
Declension of ḏbꜥ (masculine)
| singular
|
ḏbꜥ
|
| dual
|
ḏbꜥwj
|
| plural
|
ḏbꜥw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏbꜥ
|
|
|
|
| ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ
|
| [Old Kingdom and Late Period]
|
[chiefly since the Middle Kingdom]
|
[chiefly since the New Kingdom]
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
- jr ḏbꜥwj (“next to, at one’s side”)
- ḏbꜥwt (“signet”)
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ϯⲉⲓⲃⲉ (tieibe)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲃ (tēb)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (teebe)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲏⲃⲉ (tēbe)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ (tēēbe)
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive, with m) to point one’s finger at, especially in reproach or objection [Middle Kingdom]
c. 1900 BCE,
The Instructions of Kagemni (
pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.4–1.5:
- ꜣt pw ktt dꜣjr jb ḫw(w) pw ꜣfꜥ jw ḏbꜥ.t(w) jm
- Controlling oneself (lit. Subduing the heart) is a little moment; gluttony is something to be precluded, as it is pointed to in reproach.
- (transitive, with the heart as object) to rebuke (one’s heart) [Book of the Dead]
- (intransitive) to adulate, to pay homage (+ n: to) [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
Conjugation of ḏbꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḏbꜥ, geminated stem: ḏbꜥꜥ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥw, ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥt
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḥr ḏbꜥ
|
m ḏbꜥ
|
r ḏbꜥ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḏbꜥ.n
|
ḏbꜥw, ḏbꜥ
|
consecutive
|
ḏbꜥ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
ḏbꜥt
|
| perfective3
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ḏbꜥ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥꜥ
|
potentialis1
|
ḏbꜥ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḏbꜥ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥw5, ḏbꜥy5
|
| imperfective
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥy, ḏbꜥw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥj6, ḏbꜥy6
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥw5
|
| prospective
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥtj7
|
—
|
ḏbꜥtj4, ḏbꜥt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏbꜥ
Derived terms
- ḏbꜥw (“reproach, rebuke”)
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈcʼaːbaʕ/ → /ˈtʼaːbaʕ/ → /ˈtʼaːbəʕ/ → /ˈtʼoːβəʕ/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to seal up (wine, grain, etc.)
- (transitive) to seal, to place a seal upon (+ m or (rarely) + ḥr: to seal with)
Inflection
Conjugation of ḏbꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḏbꜥ, geminated stem: ḏbꜥꜥ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥw, ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥt
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḥr ḏbꜥ
|
m ḏbꜥ
|
r ḏbꜥ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḏbꜥ.n
|
ḏbꜥw, ḏbꜥ
|
consecutive
|
ḏbꜥ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
ḏbꜥt
|
| perfective3
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ḏbꜥ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥꜥ
|
potentialis1
|
ḏbꜥ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḏbꜥ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ḏbꜥ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḏbꜥ
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥw5, ḏbꜥy5
|
| imperfective
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥy, ḏbꜥw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥj6, ḏbꜥy6
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥw5
|
| prospective
|
ḏbꜥ, ḏbꜥtj7
|
—
|
ḏbꜥtj4, ḏbꜥt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏbꜥ
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ (toube)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲃ (tōb), ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (tōbi)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ (tōōbe)
References
- “ḏbꜥ (lemma ID 183450)”, “ḏbꜥ (lemma ID 183430)”, “ḏbꜥ (lemma ID 183480)”, “ḏbꜥ (lemma ID 183470)”, and “ḏbꜥ (lemma ID 183460)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[2], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[3], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 562.11–566.4, 566.12–567.3
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 321
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 101–102, 105.
- Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 211
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 42, 46, 71
- ^ Compare Peust’s rendering ˈḏubꜥV, using different assumptions about Egyptian syllable structure: Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[1], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, page 104
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 44