下降
Chinese
under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter |
to drop; to fall; to come down to drop; to fall; to come down; to descend; to surrender | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (下降) | 下 | 降 | |
| simp. #(下降) | 下 | 降 | |
| anagram | 降下 | ||
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xiàjiàng
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siàjiàng
- Wade–Giles: hsia4-chiang4
- Yale: syà-jyàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjianq
- Palladius: сяцзян (sjaczjan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: haa6 gong3
- Yale: hah gong
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6 gong3
- Guangdong Romanization: ha6 gong3
- Sinological IPA (key): /haː²² kɔːŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-kong
- Hakka Romanization System: ha gong
- Hagfa Pinyim: ha4 gong4
- Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-kàng
- Tâi-lô: hǎ-kàng
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² kaŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-kàng
- Tâi-lô: hā-kàng
- Phofsit Daibuun: haxkaxng
- IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
- IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-kàng
- Tâi-lô: hēe-kàng
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hia6 gang3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă kàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
Verb
下降
- (literally) to drop; to fall; to descend
- (figuratively) to decline; to go down; to decrease
- (archaic, of a princess) to get married
Synonyms
Antonyms
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 下 | 降 |
| か Grade: 1 |
こう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
下降 • (kakō)
Antonyms
- 上昇 (jōshō)
Verb
下降する • (kakō suru) intransitive suru (stem 下降し (kakō shi), past 下降した (kakō shita))
- descend, fall
- 年々人気が下降している
- nennen ninki ga kakō shite iru
- its popularity has been going down year by year
- 年々人気が下降している
Conjugation
Conjugation of "下降する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 下降し | かこうし | kakō shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 下降し | かこうし | kakō shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 下降する | かこうする | kakō suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 下降する | かこうする | kakō suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 下降すれ | かこうすれ | kakō sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 下降せよ¹ 下降しろ² |
かこうせよ¹ かこうしろ² |
kakō seyo¹ kakō shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 下降される | かこうされる | kakō sareru | |
| Causative | 下降させる 下降さす |
かこうさせる かこうさす |
kakō saseru kakō sasu | |
| Potential | 下降できる | かこうできる | kakō dekiru | |
| Volitional | 下降しよう | かこうしよう | kakō shiyō | |
| Negative | 下降しない | かこうしない | kakō shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 下降せず | かこうせず | kakō sezu | |
| Formal | 下降します | かこうします | kakō shimasu | |
| Perfective | 下降した | かこうした | kakō shita | |
| Conjunctive | 下降して | かこうして | kakō shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 下降すれば | かこうすれば | kakō sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN