寒天
Chinese
| cold; poor; to tremble | day; sky; heaven | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (寒天) |
寒 | 天 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4 tin1
- Hakka
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua1 ting1 / guann1 ting1
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: hántiān
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hántian
- Wade–Giles: han2-tʻien1
- Yale: hán-tyān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntian
- Palladius: ханьтянь (xanʹtjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: hántiānr
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hántianr
- Wade–Giles: han2-tʻien1-ʼrh
- Yale: hán-tyānr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntial
- Palladius: ханьтяньр (xanʹtjanʹr)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hon4 tin1
- Yale: hòhn tīn
- Cantonese Pinyin: hon4 tin1
- Guangdong Romanization: hon4 tin1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn-thiên
- Hakka Romanization System: honˇ tienˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hon2 tian1
- Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: hon tienˋ
- Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵ tʰien⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: hon2 tiên1
- Sinological IPA: /hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Puxian Min
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôaⁿ-thiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: kuânn-thinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvoa'tvy
- IPA (Xiamen): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: guan5 tin1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuâⁿ thiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/
- (Hokkien)
Noun
寒天
- chilly weather; cold weather
- (Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) winter
- Alternative name for 洋菜 (yángcài, “agar; agar-agar: vegetable gelatine”).
Usage notes
- This is a more colloquial way to say “winter” than 冬天 (tang-thiⁿ) in Min Nan.
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冬天 (“winter”) [map]
Derived terms
References
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 33.
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 寒 | 天 |
| かん Grade: 3 |
てん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
- (Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- IPA(key): [kã̠ntẽ̞ɴ]
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese compound 寒天 (MC han then). Compare the modern Hakka hòn-thiên or Min Nan kôaⁿ-thiⁿ.
Noun
寒天 • (kanten)
Synonyms
- 寒空 (samuzora)
Etymology 2
Kanten was discovered in roughly 1658 by innkeeper 美濃太郎左衛門 (Mino Tarōzaemon) after discarding some 心太 (tokoroten, “a kind of jelly-like noodle made from boiled seaweed extract”) outside, and noticing that it had gelled overnight in the winter weather and then dried to a white powder over the next few days. According to various sources, the substance was called 寒天 by taking the first and last elements of the phrase 寒晒(し)心太 (kan-zarashi tokoroten), literally “cold-exposed tokoroten”.[2][3]
Noun
寒天 • (kanten)
Derived terms
- 寒天紙 (kantengami): a thin sheet of dried kanten, used to add gloss to woven textiles and as decoration for women's braided hairstyles
- 寒天草 (kantengusa): alternate name for 天草 (tengusa), a sea vegetable from which kanten is made
- 寒天織 (kanten shiki): gelatinous connective tissue, a type of connective tissue found in invertebrate animals and in the early stages of vertebrate animal development
- 寒天培養基 (kanten baiyōki): agar culture medium
- 寒天版 (kantenban): an agar printing plate used for printmaking, basically identical to a gelatin printing plate
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 2014, 女性におすすめのダイエット食と健康食 (Josei ni Osusume no Daietto Shoku to Kenkō Shoku, “Diet and Health Foods Recommended for Women”) (in Japanese), All About staff editors, Tōkyō: All About.
Text may be viewable at Google Books here. - ^ 2006, 日本料理事物起源 (Nihon Ryōri Jibutsu Kigen, “The Origins of Japanese Cuisine Items”) (in Japanese), Kōzō Kawakami and Masahiro Koide, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.
A text snippet may be viewable at Google Books here.
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.