屈服
Chinese
| bent; feel wronged | clothes; dress; garment clothes; dress; garment; submit; take (medicine) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (屈服) |
屈 | 服 | |
| alternative forms | 屈伏 | ||
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): wat1 fuk6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khut-fu̍k
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khut-ho̍k
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: qūfú
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄩ ㄈㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cyufú
- Wade–Giles: chʻü1-fu2
- Yale: chyū-fú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiufwu
- Palladius: цюйфу (cjujfu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: wat1 fuk6
- Yale: wāt fuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: wat7 fuk9
- Guangdong Romanization: wed1 fug6
- Sinological IPA (key): /wɐt̚⁵ fʊk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khut-fu̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: kudˋ fug
- Hagfa Pinyim: kud5 fug6
- Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚² fuk̚⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut-ho̍k
- Tâi-lô: khut-ho̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: quthok
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁵ hɔk̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien)
Verb
屈服
- to surrender; to yield; to concede
- (engineering, materials science, of a material specimen) to yield
Synonyms
- (to surrender):
Antonyms
- (antonym(s) of “to surrender”):
- 不屈 (bùqū)
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 屈 | 服 |
| くつ > くっ Grade: S |
ふく > ぷく Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 屈伏 |
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 屈服 (MC kjut|khjut bjuwk, literally “bend; crouch + submit; obey”). Compare modern Hakka reading khiut-fu̍k.
The modern reading kuppuku is a shift from earlier kutsubuku.
Pronunciation
Noun
屈服 • (kuppuku)
- surrender, submission, or subjection (as to a ruler or other authority)
- prostration, kowtowing
Verb
屈服する • (kuppuku suru) suru (stem 屈服し (kuppuku shi), past 屈服した (kuppuku shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "屈服する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 屈服し | くっぷくし | kuppuku shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 屈服し | くっぷくし | kuppuku shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 屈服する | くっぷくする | kuppuku suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 屈服する | くっぷくする | kuppuku suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 屈服すれ | くっぷくすれ | kuppuku sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 屈服せよ¹ 屈服しろ² |
くっぷくせよ¹ くっぷくしろ² |
kuppuku seyo¹ kuppuku shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 屈服される | くっぷくされる | kuppuku sareru | |
| Causative | 屈服させる 屈服さす |
くっぷくさせる くっぷくさす |
kuppuku saseru kuppuku sasu | |
| Potential | 屈服できる | くっぷくできる | kuppuku dekiru | |
| Volitional | 屈服しよう | くっぷくしよう | kuppuku shiyō | |
| Negative | 屈服しない | くっぷくしない | kuppuku shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 屈服せず | くっぷくせず | kuppuku sezu | |
| Formal | 屈服します | くっぷくします | kuppuku shimasu | |
| Perfective | 屈服した | くっぷくした | kuppuku shita | |
| Conjunctive | 屈服して | くっぷくして | kuppuku shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 屈服すれば | くっぷくすれば | kuppuku sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||