師走

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
師 走
し
Grade: 5
(ateji) 		は(す) > わ(す)
Grade: 2
(ateji)
on'yomi kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
十二月

/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕiwasu/

Shift from shihasu, ancient sipasu (see below).

Pronunciation

Noun

師(し)走(わす) • (shiwasu) ←しはす (sifasu)?

  1. (archaic) the twelfth month of the lunar calendar
    Synonyms: 限りの月 (kagiri no tsuki), 極まり月 (kiwamarizuki), 極月 (gokugetsu), 果ての月 (hate no tsuki), 臘月 (rōgetsu), 季冬 (kitō)
    • c. 859-985, Kagura Uta, Kodai Kayōshū, page 337:
      本 乎美名古乃左衣八 末 志毛月志波須乃 加伊古本千[3]
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. (poetic) the month of preparation for the new year: December
Derived terms
  • 師(し)走(わす)油(あぶら) (shiwasu abura)
  • 師(し)走(わす)狐(ぎつね) (shiwasu-gitsune)
Proverbs
  • 師(し)走(わす)坊(ぼう)主(ず) (shiwasu bōzu)
  • 師(し)走(わす)浪(ろう)人(にん) (shiwasu rōnin)

Proper noun

師(し)走(わす) • (Shiwasu) ←しはす (Sifasu)?

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
師 走
し
Grade: 5
(ateji) 		は(す)
Grade: 2
(ateji)
on'yomi kun'yomi

/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕihasu/

From Old Japanese of unknown derivation. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[4]

Possible etymologies
  • From 師(し) (shi, “Buddhist monk”) + 馳(は)す (hasu, “to hurry, to make run”, modern 馳せる), as there were traditionally many services for monks to attend during this month. However Old Japanese verbs usually do not form nouns with their terminal form.[note 1][5][6] If this is a folk etymology, the kanji would be ateji, as it is generally regarded.
  • はす (hasu) may be derived from 果(は)つ (patu, “to come to an end”, modern 果てる), or a perhaps related root *pas- meaning "edge; division between two things", referring to the end of a year. Compare 橋(はし) (hashi), 端(はし) (hashi), 挟(はさ)む (hasamu).[5][6] However all these sound changes remain unexplained.

Pronunciation

Noun

師(し)走(はす) • (shihasu) 

  1. synonym of 師走 (shiwasu)

Coordinate terms

Coordinate terms: 睦月, 如月, 弥生, 卯月, 皐月, 水無月, 文月, 葉月, 長月, 神無月, 霜月, 師走

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka with Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  4. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “師走”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Entry in Gogen-Allguide (in Japanese)
Footnotes
  1. ^ The expected form would be *しはせ (sipase) or *しはし (sipasi), which are not attested. This explanation is already prevalent in the Heian period, appearing in the Iroha Jiruishō of the 1100s.
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