愷

See also: 恺

愷	U+6137, 愷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6137

← 愶
[U+6136]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愸 →
[U+6138]

Translingual

Han character

愷 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心山一廿 (PUMT), four-corner 9201₈, composition ⿰忄豈)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11015
Dae Jaweon: page 735, character 28
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2337, character 2
Unihan data for U+6137

Chinese

trad.		愷
simp.		恺
alternative forms		豈／岂凱／凯

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
獃	tŋɯː, ŋɯː
剴	kŋɯːl, ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	ɡɯːls, ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	ŋɯːl, ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	ŋralʔ, ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “drum”). Likely related to 凱 / 豈 (“music of triumph”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǎi (kai³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai³
  - Yale: kǎi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
  - Palladius: кай (kaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hoi²
  - Yale: hói
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵/

Middle Chinese: khojX

Rime
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦亥切
Baxter	khojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj^X/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ khoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁəjʔ/
English	triumphal music; happy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
No.	10103
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Definitions

愷

(literary) peaceful; harmonious; joyful
(literary) alternative form of 凱 / 凯 (kǎi, “triumphant music”)

Compounds

八愷 / 八恺
愷悌 / 恺悌 (kǎitì)
愷悌君子 / 恺悌君子
愷樂 / 恺乐
愷歌 / 恺歌 (kǎigē)
敏練慈愷 / 敏练慈恺
爽愷 / 爽恺

Japanese

Kanji

愷

(Hyōgai kanji)

enjoy
be contented
joyful

Readings

On (unclassified): がい (gai)、かい (kai)
Kun: たのしむ (tanoshimu, 愷しむ)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 愷らぐ)
Nanori: やす (yasu)

Korean

Hanja

愷 (eum 개 (gae))

Vietnamese

Han character

愷: Hán Nôm readings: khải

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References

Nom Foundation