凱

See also: 凯

凱	U+51F1, 凱 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F1

← 凰
[U+51F0]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凲 →
[U+51F2]

Translingual

Han character

凱 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+10, 12 strokes, cangjie input 山廿竹弓 (UTHN), four-corner 2711₀, composition ⿰豈几)

Derived characters

𣾚, 𤩑, 𨬫(𮸢), 𦻻

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 134, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1790
Dae Jaweon: page 300, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 278, character 13
Unihan data for U+51F1

Chinese

trad.		凱
simp.		凯
alternative forms		豈／岂愷／恺

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
獃	tŋɯː, ŋɯː
剴	kŋɯːl, ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	ɡɯːls, ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	ŋɯːl, ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	ŋralʔ, ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Two possibilities:

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): semantic 豈 (“drum”) + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ), in which case 豈 may have been the initial form of this character.
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ) + semantic 几.

Originally used to mean “music of triumph; victory music”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǎi (kai³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi² / ngoi²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khói

(Hailu, HRS): koi^ˊ

(Meixian, Guangdong): koi³
Eastern Min (BUC): kāi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khái

(Teochew, Peng'im): kai²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵khe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai³
  - Yale: kǎi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
  - Palladius: кай (kaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hoi² / ngoi²
  - Yale: hói / ngói
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi² / ngoi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi² / ngoi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵/, /ŋɔːi̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khói
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: koi³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoɪ³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kāi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khái
  - Tâi-lô: khái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qae
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kai²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵khe
  - MiniDict: khe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe³⁴/

Middle Chinese: khojX

Rime
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦亥切
Baxter	khojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj^X/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ khoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁəjʔ/
English	pleasant
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
No.	10102
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	愷
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/
Notes	同愷，豈轉註字

Definitions

凱

music of triumph; paean
triumph; victory
triumphant; victorious
alternative form of 愷 / 恺 (kǎi, “peaceful; harmonious”)
(Taiwan, colloquial) generous with money
a surname

Compounds

凱子 / 凯子 (kǎizi)
凱復 / 凯复
凱恩斯 / 凯恩斯 (Kǎi'ēnsī)
凱撒 / 凯撒
凱旋 / 凯旋 (kǎixuán)
凱旋門 / 凯旋门 (kǎixuánmén)
凱樂 / 凯乐
凱歌 / 凯歌 (kǎigē)
凱澤 / 凯泽
凱爾派 / 凯尔派 (kǎi'ěrpài)
凱爾特 / 凯尔特 (kǎi'ěrtè)
凱爾特人 / 凯尔特人 (kǎi'ěrtèrén)
凱瑟林 / 凯瑟林
凱薩琳 / 凯萨琳 (Kǎisàlín)
凱里 (Kǎilǐ)
凱門鰐 / 凯门鳄
凱風 / 凯风 (kǎifēng)
奏凱 / 奏凯
安凱 / 安凯 (Ānkǎi)
常凱申 / 常凯申 (Cháng Kǎishēn)
比什凱克 / 比什凯克 (Bǐshíkǎikè)
比斯凱克 / 比斯凯克 (Bǐsīkǎikè)
興凱湖 / 兴凯湖 (Xīngkǎi Hú)
陸凱 / 陆凯
魯凱族 / 鲁凯族 (Lǔkǎizú)

References

“凱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

凱

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: かい (kai)
Kan-on: かい (kai)
Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
Kun: かちどき (kachidoki, 凱)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 凱らぐ)

Korean

Hanja

凱 (eum 개 (gae))

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Vietnamese

Han character

凱: Hán Nôm readings: khải, ngai

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.