械

械	U+68B0, 械 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68B0

← 梯
[U+68AF]

CJK Unified Ideographs

梱 →
[U+68B1]

Translingual

Han character

械 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 木戈廿 (DIT), four-corner 4395₀, composition ⿰木戒)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 531, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14882
Dae Jaweon: page 919, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1209, character 6
Unihan data for U+68B0

Chinese

simp. and trad.		械

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (戒) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
祴	*kɯː
駴	*ɡrɯːʔ
戒	*krɯːɡs
誡	*krɯːɡs
悈	krɯːɡs, kɯɡ
械	*ɡrɯːɡs
裓	*kɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡrɯːɡs): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 戒 (OC *krɯːɡs). The character originally represented the meaning of "handcuffs" or "shackles," and by extension, it came to be used to mean "device" or "mechanism."^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiè (xie⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haai⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hái

(Hailu, HRS): hai^ˊ
Eastern Min (BUC): hâi
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gai⁴ / hai⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hāi / hâi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiè
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siè
  - Wade–Giles: hsieh⁴
  - Yale: syè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieh
  - Palladius: се (se)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haai⁶
  - Yale: haaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hái
  - Hakka Romanization System: hai^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hai³
  - Sinological IPA: /hai̯³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hai^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /hai²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑi²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gai⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ga̍i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kai⁴²/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hai⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hāi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi / hâi
  - Tâi-lô: hāi / hâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hai, haai
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hai²²/, /hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁴¹/, /hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai²²/, /hai¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hai³³/, /hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai³³/, /hai²³/

Note:

hāi - literary;
hâi - vernacular (俗).

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 械
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕiɛ⁵¹/ /t͡ɕiɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕiɛ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕie⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiɛ²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiɛ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕie¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiə¹³/ /t͡sɛ¹³/ /kɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kai³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕiai¹³/ /kai¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕie²¹³/ 新 /kai²¹³/ 老
	Kunming	/kæ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕie̞⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦie²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ka³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/ka⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/kai⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kai⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/hai⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑi³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hai²²/
	Nanning	/hai²²/
	Hong Kong	/hai²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hai²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑi²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xai⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hai³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kai³⁵/

Middle Chinese: heajH

Rime
Character	械
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡介切
Baxter	heajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨj^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɛi^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɐi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣăi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haai⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-k]ˤrək-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	械
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiè
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[m-k]ˁrək-s/
English	fetters; weapon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	械
Reading #	1/1
No.	6547
Phonetic component	戒
Rime group	代
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯːɡs/

Definitions

械

Compounds

兵械
刀杖器械
刀械
器械 (qìxiè)
器械體操 / 器械体操
械彈 / 械弹
械用
械繫 / 械系
械鬥 / 械斗 (xièdòu)
棄械 / 弃械 (qìxiè)
槍械 / 枪械 (qiāngxiè)
機械 / 机械 (jīxiè)
機械化 / 机械化 (jīxièhuà)
機械工業 / 机械工业
機械手 / 机械手
機械效率 / 机械效率
機械油 / 机械油
機械能 / 机械能 (jīxiènéng)
機械論 / 机械论 (jīxièlùn)
簡單機械 / 简单机械 (jiǎndān jīxiè)
繳械 / 缴械 (jiǎoxiè)
藥械 / 药械
警械
軍械 / 军械 (jūnxiè)

Japanese

Kanji

械

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

contraption
handcuffs

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
Kun: かせ (kase, 械)、からくり (karakuri, 械)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
械
かい Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 械 (MC heajH).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ka̠i]

Affix

械(かい) • (kai)

machine; instrument; contraption
fetter

Noun

械(かい) • (kai)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Korean

Hanja

械 (eumhun 형틀 계 (hyeongteul gye))

hanja form^? of 계 (“weapons, instruments”)

Vietnamese

Han character

械: Hán Nôm readings: giới

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

[1]