代

See also: 付 and 伐
代 U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3
← 仢
[U+4EE2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 令 →
[U+4EE4]

㈹ U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT
← ㈸
[U+3238] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈺ →
[U+323A]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

代 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)

Derived characters

Additional Derived Characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 代

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 代
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
s05796
Transcribed ancient scripts
L36109
L36110
L36111
L36112
L36113
L20896
L20897
L20898
L20899
L20900
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
戴 *ʔl'ɯːɡs
襶 *tɯːɡs
貸 *l̥ʰɯːɡs
代 *l'ɯːɡs
袋 *l'ɯːɡs
岱 *l'ɯːɡs
黛 *l'ɯːɡs
玳 *l'ɯːɡs
帒 *l'ɯːɡs
甙 *l'ɯːɡs
酨 *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs
試 *hljɯɡs
弒 *hljɯɡs
忒 *l̥ʰɯːɡ
貣 *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ
鴏 *l'ɯːɡ
栻 *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ
侙 *l̥ʰɯɡ
恜 *l̥ʰɯɡ
式 *hljɯɡ
軾 *hljɯɡ
拭 *hljɯɡ
鉽 *hljɯɡ
烒 *hljɯɡ
弋 *lɯɡ
芅 *lɯɡ
黓 *lɯɡ
隿 *lɯɡ
杙 *lɯɡ
釴 *lɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1

state's name → toponym
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is 代 (OC *lˤək-s) related to 狄 (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • Sixian:
  • Hailu:
Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
Note:
  • tē/tēr - vernacular;
  • tāi - literary;
  • tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: do7 / dai3 / toi3 / toih4
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tō / tài / thòi / thoih
      • Sinological IPA (key): /to¹¹/, /tai²¹³/, /tʰoi²¹³/, /tʰoiʔ²/
Note:
  • do7 - vernacular ("generation / dynasty / period");
  • dai3 - literary (in 交代);
  • toi3 - semantic ("to act for/as").
Note:
  • tai5 - literary;
  • tai4 - colloquial.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 代
    Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
    Harbin /tai⁵³/
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    Jinan /tɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
    Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
    Xining /tɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
    Wuhan /tai³⁵/
    Chengdu /tai¹³/
    Guiyang /tai²¹³/
    Kunming /tæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /te̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /de²³/
    Suzhou /de̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /de²²/
    Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /tə¹¹/
    /ta⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
    /tai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
    Nanning /tɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
    /te²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
    /to³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
    /ʔdai³³/
    /ʔde²³/
    Rime
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 定 (7)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徒耐切
    Baxter dojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/dʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/dəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/dɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/dəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/dᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/dɒiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/dʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		doi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*lˁək-s/
    English replace

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14963
    Phonetic
    component         		弋
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l'ɯːɡs/

    Definitions

    代

    1. to replace; to take the place of
    2. (formal) to act for; to do something on behalf of
    3. (Jianghuai Mandarin) for; in place of
      你代我寫封信。 [Yangzhou Mandarin, trad.]
      你代我写封信。 [Yangzhou Mandarin, simp.]
      Write a letter for me.
    4. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
    5. generation; age group
    6. historical period; era
    7. date; age
    8. dynasty; line of rulers
    9. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
    10. (grammar) short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”)
    11. (historical geography) short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”)
    12. a surname
    Synonyms
    • (generation): 世 (shì)
    Dialectal synonyms of 替 (“for”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 替, 為
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 給, 替
    Taiwan 給, 替
    Singapore 替
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 給, 替
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 替, 給
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 幫, 給, 跟
    Wuhan 跟, 幫
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 代, 替
    Hefei 代, 幫
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 幫
    Hong Kong 同, 幫
    Yangjiang 替, 幐
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 幫
    Hakka Meixian 同, 代
    Jin Taiyuan 替, 給
    Northern Min Jian'ou 替, 幫
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 替, 共
    Southern Min Xiamen 替, 共
    Quanzhou 共
    Zhangzhou 共
    Tainan 替, 共
    Singapore (Hokkien) 替, 共
    Chaozhou 代, 個
    Jieyang 個
    Wu Shanghai 幫, 搭
    Suzhou 替, 搭
    Wenzhou 代
    Xiang Changsha 幫, 跟, 代
    Shuangfeng 幫

    Compounds

    Descendants

    Sino-Xenic (代):
    • → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
    • → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
    • → Vietnamese: đại (代)

    Others:

    Etymology 2

    From 事 (OC *zrɯs).

    Pronunciation

    Definitions

    代

    1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

    Compounds

    Etymology 3

    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see 戴 (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of 戴).
    Notes:

    References

    Japanese

    Kanji

    代

    (Third grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    Compounds

    Derived terms
    • 代(か)わる, 代(かわ)る (kawaru, “succeed, relieve”)
    • 代(か)わり, 代(かわ)り (kawari, “substitute, replacement”)
    • 代(が)わり, 代(がわ)り (-gawari, “substitute for”)
    • 代(か)える (kaeru, “replace, exchange”)
    • 代(か)え (kae, “change, alteration”)
    • 代(だい)代(だい), 代(だい)々(だい) (daidai), 代(よ)代(よ), 代(よ)々(よ) (yoyo, “for generations”)
    • 代(だい)案(あん) (daian, “alternate plan”)
    • 代(だい)位(い) (daī, “subrogation, substitution”)
    • 代(だい)印(いん) (daīn, “signing by proxy”)
    • 代(だい)員(いん) (daīn, “proxy”)
    • 代(だい)演(えん) (daien, “substitute for another”)
    • 代(だい)価(か) (daika, “price, cost”)
    • 代(だい)官(かん) (daikan, “Edo-period prefectural governor”)
    • 代(だい)艦(かん) (daikan, “replacement warship”)
    • 代(だい)願(がん) (daigan, “praying by proxy”)
    • 代(だい)議(ぎ) (daigi, “representing others in a conference”)
    • 代(だい)休(きゅう) (daikyū, “compensatory holiday”)
    • 代(だい)金(きん) (daikin, “price, payment”)
    • 代(だい)言(げん) (daigen, “advocacy”)
    • 代(だい)行(こう) (daikō, “acting as agent”)
    • 代(だい)講(こう) (daikō, “substitute lecturing”)
    • 代(だい)作(さく) (daisaku, “ghost-writing”)
    • 代(だい)参(さん) (daisan, “visiting a temple for another”)
    • 代(だい)謝(しゃ) (daisha, “renewal, regeneration”)
    • 代(だい)車(しゃ) (daisha, “loaner vehicle”)
    • 代(だい)署(しょ) (daisho, “sign for another”)
    • 代(だい)書(しょ) (daisho, “amanuensis, scribe”)
    • 代(だい)償(しょう) (daishō, “compensation, indemnification”)
    • 代(だい)将(しょう) (daishō, “brigadier general”)
    • 代(だい)親(しん) (daishin, “godparent”)
    • 代(だい)診(しん) (daishin, “doctor's assistance”)
    • 代(だい)数(すう) (daisū, “algebra”)
    • 代(だい)僧(そう) (daisō, “substitute priest”)
    • 代(だい)走(そう) (daisō, “substitute runner”)
    • 代(だい)打(だ) (daida, “pinch-hitting”)
    • 代(だい)替(たい) (daitai), 代(だい)替(がえ) (daigae, “substitution, alternation”)
    • 代(だい)地(ち) (daichi, “substitute land”)
    • 代(だい)置(ち) (daichi, “replace”)
    • 代(だい)読(どく) (daidoku, “reading for another”)
    • 代(だい)入(にゅう) (dainyū, “substitution, assignment”)
    • 代(だい)人(にん) (dainin, “substitute, deputy”)
    • 代(だい)任(にん) (dainin, “agency, acting official”)
    • 代(だい)納(のう) (dainō, “payment for another”)
    • 代(だい)筆(ひつ) (daihitsu, “amanuensis”)
    • 代(だい)表(ひょう) (daihyō, “representative, representation”)
    • 代(だい)品(ひん) (daihin, “substitute article”)
    • 代(だい)父(ふ) (daifu, “godfather”)
    • 代(だい)物(ぶつ) (daibutsu, “substitute”)
    • 代(だい)返(へん) (daihen, “answer a roll call for another”)
    • 代(だい)弁(べん) (daiben, “pay by proxy”)
    • 代(だい)母(ぼ) (daibo, “godmother”)
    • 代(だい)務(む) (daimu, “vicarious management”)
    • 代(だい)役(やく) (daiyaku, “substitute, substitution”)
    • 代(だい)用(よう) (daiyō, “substitution”)
    • 代(だい)理(り) (dairi, “representation, agency”)
    • 代(たい)赭(しゃ) (taisha, “red ocher”)
    • 代(しろ)物(もの) (shiromono, “thing, article”)
    • 代(しろ)掻(か)き, 代(しろか)き (shirokaki, “preparing a rice field for planting”)
    • 代(だい)引(び)き (daibiki, “cash on delivery”)
    • 代(だい)待(ま)ち (daimachi, “waiting in place of someone else”)
    • 代(だい)替(が)え (daigae, “substitution, alternation”)
    • 代(だい)稽(げい)古(こ) (daigeiko, “substitute teaching”)
    • 代(だい)執(しっ)行(こう) (daishikkō, “carrying out by proxy”)
    • 代(だい)神楽(かぐら) (daikagura, “grand kagura performance”)
    • 代(だい)諾(だく)者(しゃ) (daidakusha, “legal representative”)
    • 代(だい)当(とう)主(しゅ) (daitōshu, “nth-generation head of a family”)
    • 代(だい)動(どう)詞(し) (daidōshi, “pro-verb”)
    • 代(だい)燃(ねん)車(しゃ) (dainensha, “car running on substitute fuel”)
    • 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi, “pronoun”)
    • 代(だい)理(り)人(にん) (dairinin, “representative, deputy”)
    • 代(だい)議(ぎ)士(し) (daigishi, “member of the Diet”)
    • 代(だい)替(たい)エネルギー (daitai enerugī, “alternative energy”)
    • 代(だい)名(めい)動(どう)詞(し) (daimei-dōshi, “pronominal verb”)
    • 代(だい)が変(か)わる (dai ga kawaru, “change hands”)
    • 揚(あげ)代(だい), 揚(あ)げ代(だい) (agedai, “fee paid for a geisha”)
    • 足(あし)代(だい) (ashidai, “traveling expenses”)
    • 阿(あ)代(しろ) (ashiro, “Ophidion asiro”)
    • 網(あ)代(じろ) (ajiro, “wickerwork”)
    • 網(あみ)代(しろ) (amishiro, “dividing up a fishing catch”)
    • 幾(いく)代(よ) (ikuyo, “generations, ages”)
    • 一(いち)代(だい) (ichidai, “generation, lifetime”)
    • 永(えい)代(たい) (eitai, “permanence, eternity”)
    • 往(おう)代(だい) (ōdai, “ancient times”)
    • 形(かた)代(しろ) (katashiro, “representation of a sacred object”)
    • 壁(かべ)代(しろ) (kabeshiro, “separating curtain”)
    • 神(かみ)代(よ) (kamiyo), 神(じん)代(だい) (jindai, “ancient time”)
    • 関(かん)代(だい) (kandai, “relative pronoun”)
    • 希(き)代(だい), 稀(き)代(だい) (kidai), 希(き)代(たい), 稀(き)代(たい) (kitai, “rarity, uncommonness”)
    • 近(きん)代(だい) (kindai, “present day”)
    • 玉(ぎょく)代(だい) (gyokudai, “time charge for a geisha”)
    • 薬(くすり)代(だい) (kusuridai, “charge for medicine”)
    • 車(くるま)代(だい) (kurumadai, “carfare, cartage fee”)
    • 現(げん)代(だい) (gendai, “nowadays, modern era”)
    • 更(こう)代(たい) (kōtai, “exchange”)
    • 後(こう)代(だい) (kōdai, “posterity”)
    • 古(こ)代(だい) (kodai, “ancient times”)
    • 五(ご)代(だい) (Godai, “Five Dynasties”)
    • 歳(さい)代(だい) (-saidai, “decade”)
    • 酒(さく)代(だい) (sakudai, “alcohol expenses”)
    • 月(さく)代(やき) (sakuyaki), 月(つま)代(しろ) (tsumashiro, “shaved part of the forehead”)
    • 三(さん)代(だい) (sandai, “three generations”)
    • 誌(し)代(だい) (shidai, “magazine's price”)
    • 昭(しょう)代(だい) (shōdai, “glorious reign”)
    • 初(しょ)代(だい) (shodai, “first generation”)
    • 身(しん)代(だい) (shindai, “fortune, property”)
    • 次(じ)代(だい) (jidai, “the next era”)
    • 時(じ)代(だい) (jidai, “period, epoch”)
    • 重(じゅう)代(だい) (jūdai, “successive generations”)
    • 上(しょう)代(だい) (shōdai), 上(うわ)代(だい) (uwadai, “ancient times”)
    • 城(しょう)代(だい) (shōdai, “chamberlain”)
    • 聖(せい)代(だい) (seidai, “magnificent imperial reign”)
    • 盛(せい)代(だい) (seidai, “prosperous era”)
    • 世(せ)代(だい) (sedai, “generation, the world”)
    • 先(せん)代(だい) (sendai, “family predecessor”)
    • 舌(ぜつ)代(だい) (zetsudai), 舌(した)代(だい) (shitadai, “a notice”)
    • 前(ぜん)代(だい) (zendai, “previous generation”)
    • 総(そう)代(だい) (sōdai, “representative”)
    • 大(だい)代(だい) (daidai, “main telephone number”)
    • 地(ち)代(だい) (chidai), 地(じ)代(だい) (jidai, “land rent”)
    • 茶(ちゃ)代(だい) (chadai, “a tip”)
    • 帳(ちょう)代(だい) (chōdai, “curtained sleeping platform”)
    • 手(て)代(だい) (tedai, “sales clerk”)
    • 当(とう)代(だい) (tōdai, “the present age”)
    • 名(な)代(だい) (nadai, “well-known, fame”)
    • 名(みょう)代(だい) (myōdai, “proxy, representative”)
    • 苗(なわ)代(しろ) (nawashiro), 苗(なえ)代(しろ) (naeshiro, “rice nursery”)
    • 年(ねん)代(だい) (nendai, “age, era”)
    • 糊(のり)代(しろ) (norishiro, “overlap width”)
    • 花(はん)代(だい) (handai, “price of flowers”)
    • 場(ば)代(だい) (badai, “rent, cover charge”)
    • 番(ばん)代(だい) (bandai, “taking turns”)
    • 本(ほん)代(だい) (hondai, “money for books”)
    • 間(ま)代(だい) (madai, “room rent”)
    • 末(まつ)代(だい) (matsudai, “forever, in perpetuity”)
    • 御(み)代(よ) (miyo, “imperial reign”)
    • 明(みん)代(だい) (Mindai, “Ming dynasty”)
    • 無(む)代(だい) (mudai, “free of charge”)
    • 餅(もち)代(だい) (mochidai, “money to see one over the New Year”)
    • 宿(やど)代(だい) (yadodai, “hotel charges”)
    • 力(ちから)代(しろ) (chikarashiro, “tax paid to avoid forced labor”)
    • 依(より)代(しろ), 依(よ)り代(しろ), 憑(より)代(しろ) (yorishiro, “object representative of a divine spirit”)
    • 累(るい)代(だい) (ruidai, “successive generations”)
    • 歴(れき)代(だい) (rekidai, “successive generations”)
    • 交(こう)代(たい) (kōtai, “alternation, change”)
    • 十(じゅう)代(だい) (jūdai, “the teens”)
    • 千(せん)代(だい) (sendai), 千(ち)代(よ) (chiyo, “thousand years”)
    • 万(ばん)代(だい) (bandai), 万(まん)代(だい) (mandai), 万(よろず)代(よ) (yorozuyo, “thousands of years”)
    • 雪(ゆき)代(しろ) (yukishiro, “snow water”)
    • 譜(ふ)代(だい) (fudai, “successive generations”)
    • 田(た)代(しろ)芋(いも), 田(た)代(しろ)薯(いも) (tashiroimo, “taccad”)
    • 何(なん)代(だい)目(め) (nandaime, “what ordinal number”)
    • 親(おや)の代(だい) (oya no dai, “parents' generation”)
    • 食(く)い代(しろ) (kuishiro, “food expenses”)
    • 薬(くすり)の代(しろ) (kusuri no shiro, “cost of medicine”)
    • 削(けず)り代(しろ) (kezurishiro, “cutting stock”)
    • 綴(ど)じ代(しろ) (dojishiro, “binding margin”)
    • 取(と)り代(しろ) (torishiro), 取(とり)代(しろ) (torishiro, “portion, one's share”)
    • 縫(ぬ)い代(しろ) (nuishiro, “margin for a seam”)
    • 飲(の)み代(しろ), 飲(のみ)代(しろ), 呑(の)み代(しろ) (nomishiro, “drink money”)
    • 君(きみ)が代(よ) (kimi ga yo, “imperial reign”)
    • 締(し)め代(しろ) (shimeshiro, “interference, jamming”)
    • 身(み)の代(しろ)金(きん), 身(みの)代(しろ)金(きん) (minoshirokin, “ransom”)
    • バイト代(だい) (baito-dai, “earnings from a part-time job”)
    • 切(きっ)符(ぷ)代(だい) (kippudai, “ticket price”)
    • 化(け)粧(しょう)代(だい) (keshōdai, “lady's pin money”)
    • 研(けん)削(さく)代(しろ) (kensakushiro, “grinding allowance”)
    • 師(し)範(はん)代(だい) (shihandai, “assistant instructor”)
    • 修(じゅう)理(り)代(だい) (jūridai, “cost of repairs”)
    • 手(しゅ)術(じゅつ)代(だい) (shujutsudai, “surgery costs”)
    • 食(しょく)事(じ)代(だい) (shokujidai, “cost of a meal”)
    • 線(せん)香(こう)代(だい) (senkōdai, “fee for a geisha's time”)
    • 洗(せん)濯(たく)代(だい) (sentakudai, “laundry charges”)
    • 昼(ちゅう)食(しょく)代(だい) (chūshokudai, “lunch price”)
    • 治(ち)療(りょう)代(だい) (chiryōdai, “medical fees”)
    • 電(でん)気(き)代(だい) (denkidai, “electric utility expense”)
    • 暖(の)簾(れん)代(だい) (norendai, “goodwill”)
    • 風(ふ)呂(ろ)代(だい) (furodai, “fee charged at a public bath”)
    • 部(へ)屋(や)代(だい) (heyadai, “room rent”)
    • 弁(べん)当(とう)代(だい) (bentōdai, “lunch money”)
    • 御(み)霊(たま)代(しろ) (mitamashiro, “symbol for the spirit of the dead”)
    • 始(し)生(せい)代(だい) (Shiseidai, “Archean”)
    • 原(げん)生(せい)代(だい) (Genseidai, “Proterozoic”)
    • 顕(けん)生(せい)代(だい) (Kenseidai, “Phanerozoic”)
    • 古(こ)生(せい)代(だい) (Koseidai, “Paleozoic”)
    • 中(ちゅう)生(せい)代(だい) (Chūseidai, “Mesozoic”)
    • 新(しん)生(せい)代(だい) (Shinseidai, “Cenozoic”)
    • 大(たい)正(しょう)の代(よ) (Taishō no yo, “Taisho era”)
    • 天(てん)神(じん)七(しち)代(だい) (tenjin-shichidai, “seven generations of celestial deities”)
    • 強(きょう)直(ちょく)間(かん)代(だい)発(ほっ)作(さ) (kyōchoku-kandai-hossa, “tonic-clonic seizure”)
    • 千(せん)九(きゅう)百(ひゃく)年(ねん)代(だい), １９００(せんきゅうひゃく)年(ねん)代(だい) (senkyūhyaku-nen dai, “the 1900s”)
    • 明(めい)治(じ)天(てん)皇(のう)の代(よ)に (Meiji tennō no yo ni, “under Emperor Meiji's rule”)

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    代
    しろ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi

    Pronunciation

    • (Tokyo) しろ [shìróꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ɕiɾo̞]

    Noun

    代(しろ) • (shiro) 

    1. (archaic) substitution
    2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
    3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    代
    よ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see the following entry.
    【世よ】3
    [noun] world, society
    [noun] this world, this life
    [noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
    [noun] lifetime
    [noun] lifespan
    [noun] time of year, season
    [noun] relationship between a man and a woman (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    [noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    (This term, 代, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

    Kanji in this term
    代
    だい
    Grade: 3
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    代(だい) • (dai) 

    1. price
    2. generation of a family
    3. reign of a royal
    4. decade
    5. era

    Counter

    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. generation of a royal family
    2. era, age, decade

    Suffix

    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
      服(ふく)代(だい)
      fuku-dai
      money spent on clothes; clothes money
      お菓子(かし)代(だい)
      o-kashi-dai
      snack money; snack fee
    2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
    Alternative forms
    • (period of time): 台

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

    Etymology

    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [대(ː)/데(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    Wikisource

    代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae))
    代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))

    1. hanja form? of 대 (“to replace”) [prefix; affix]
    2. hanja form? of 대 (“generation”) [noun; suffix; affix]

    Compounds

    References

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    代: Hán Việt readings: đại (度(đạc)耐(nại)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    代: Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”)
    2. chữ Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”)

    Compounds

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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