流通
Chinese
to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move |
go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (流通) | 流 | 通 | |
| simp. #(流通) | 流 | 通 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lau4 tung1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liù-thung
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liû-thong
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: liútōng
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄊㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lióutong
- Wade–Giles: liu2-tʻung1
- Yale: lyóu-tūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioutong
- Palladius: лютун (ljutun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: lau4 tung1
- Yale: làuh tūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: lau4 tung1
- Guangdong Romanization: leo4 tung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɐu̯²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù-thung
- Hakka Romanization System: liuˇ tung
- Hagfa Pinyim: liu2 tung4
- Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-thong
- Tâi-lô: liû-thong
- Phofsit Daibuun: liu'tofng
- IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien)
Verb
流通
- (of currency, blood vessels, air, goods, etc.) to circulate
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 流 | 通 |
| りゅう Grade: 3 |
つう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
流通 • (ryūtsū)
- circulation (of money or information)
- distribution
Verb
流通する • (ryūtsū suru) intransitive suru (stem 流通し (ryūtsū shi), past 流通した (ryūtsū shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "流通する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 流通し | りゅうつうし | ryūtsū shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 流通し | りゅうつうし | ryūtsū shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 流通する | りゅうつうする | ryūtsū suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 流通する | りゅうつうする | ryūtsū suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 流通すれ | りゅうつうすれ | ryūtsū sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 流通せよ¹ 流通しろ² |
りゅうつうせよ¹ りゅうつうしろ² |
ryūtsū seyo¹ ryūtsū shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 流通される | りゅうつうされる | ryūtsū sareru | |
| Causative | 流通させる 流通さす |
りゅうつうさせる りゅうつうさす |
ryūtsū saseru ryūtsū sasu | |
| Potential | 流通できる | りゅうつうできる | ryūtsū dekiru | |
| Volitional | 流通しよう | りゅうつうしよう | ryūtsū shiyō | |
| Negative | 流通しない | りゅうつうしない | ryūtsū shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 流通せず | りゅうつうせず | ryūtsū sezu | |
| Formal | 流通します | りゅうつうします | ryūtsū shimasu | |
| Perfective | 流通した | りゅうつうした | ryūtsū shita | |
| Conjunctive | 流通して | りゅうつうして | ryūtsū shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 流通すれば | りゅうつうすれば | ryūtsū sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 流 | 通 |
Noun
流通 • (yutong) (hangeul 유통)
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 流 | 通 |
Verb
流通