肺

肺 U+80BA, 肺
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80BA
← 肹
[U+80B9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 肻 →
[U+80BB]

Translingual

Stroke order
Japan

(For Chinese,
skip
stroke 5
and
draw
stroke 9
so as
to cover
both strokes 5 and 9.)

Han character

肺 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4 in Chinese, 肉+5 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 月十月 (BJB) or 月卜中月 (BYLB), four-corner 75227, composition ⿰月巿(GHTKV) or ⿰月市(J))

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29328
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1428, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2047, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+80BA

Chinese

trad. 肺
simp. # 肺

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (巿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
沛 *poːbs, *pʰoːbs
芾 *poːbs, *pubs, *pub
伂 *poːbs
霈 *pʰoːbs
旆 *boːbs
肺 *pʰobs
杮 *pʰobs
巿 *pub

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *pʰobs): semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 巿 (OC *pub).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-wap (“lung”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • Sixian:
    • fi - literary;
    • hi - vernacular.
  • Hailu:
    • fuiˇ - literary;
    • hiˇ - vernacular.
Note:
  • Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwan:
    • hì - vernacular;
    • hùi - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 肺
Mandarin Beijing /fei⁵¹/
Harbin /fei⁵³/
Tianjin /fei⁵³/
Jinan /fei²¹/
Qingdao /fe⁴²/
Zhengzhou /fi³¹²/
Xi'an /fi⁴⁴/
Xining /fɨ²¹³/
Yinchuan /fei¹³/
Lanzhou /fei¹³/
Ürümqi /fei²¹³/
Wuhan /fei³⁵/
Chengdu /fei¹³/
Guiyang /fei²²¹³/
Kunming /fei²¹²/
Nanjing /fəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /fe⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /fei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuei³⁵/
Hohhot /fei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /fi³⁵/
Suzhou /fi⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /fi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /fei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /fe³²⁴/
Tunxi /fe⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fei⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ɸəi⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɨi⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fi⁵³/
Taoyuan /fui⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fɐi³³/
Nanning /fɐi³³/
Hong Kong /fɐi³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hui²¹/
/hi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hiɛ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xi³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hui²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hui³⁵/
/fɔi³⁵/
Rime
Character 肺
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 滂 (2)
Final (韻) 廢 (28)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 方廢切
Baxter phjojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pʰʉɐiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pʰʷiɐiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/pʰiuɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/pʰuajH/
Li
Rong 		/pʰiuɐiH/
Wang
Li 		/pʰĭwɐiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pʰi̯wɐiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肺
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fèi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ phjojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*pʰo[t]-s/
English lung

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 肺
Reading # 1/1
No. 3293
Phonetic
component 		巿
Rime
group 		祭
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*pʰobs/
Notes 芳由方校改

Definitions

肺

  1. (anatomy) lung
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 肺 (“lung”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 肺
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 肺, 肺臟
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 肺
Harbin 肺, 肺子
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 肺
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 肺
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 肺, 肺家 TCM
Xi'an 肺
Xining 肺
Xuzhou 肺
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 肺子
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 肺子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 肺
Lanzhou 肺子
Ürümqi 肺子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 肺
Wuhan 肺
Guiyang 肺
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 肺子, 肺
Yangzhou 肺
Cantonese Guangzhou 肺
Hong Kong 肺
Taishan 肺
Dongguan 肺
Gan Nanchang 肺
Lichuan 肺
Pingxiang 肺, 肺巴子
Hakka Meixian 肺家
Yudu 肺
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 肺
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 肺
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 肺家
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 肺家
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 肺家
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 肺
Huizhou Jixi 肺
Jin Taiyuan 肺
Xinzhou 肺子
Eastern Min Fuzhou 肺
Southern Min Leizhou 肺
Haikou 肺
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 肺
Wu Shanghai 肺
Shanghai (Chongming) 肺
Suzhou 肺
Danyang 肺
Hangzhou 肺
Ningbo 肺, 肺家
Wenzhou 肺, 肺斗
Jinhua 肺
Xiang Changsha 肺
Note TCM - traditional Chinese medicine

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Proto-Tai: *pwɤtᴰ

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肺
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		pèi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ phajH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*pʰˁ[a][t]-s/
English dense, luxuriant (foliage)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

肺

  1. only used in 肺肺

References

  • “肺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “肺”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 157.

Japanese

Kanji

肺

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. lung

Readings

  • Go-on: ほ (ho)
  • Kan-on: はい (hai, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まごころ (magokoro)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
肺
はい
Grade: 6
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH)

Pronunciation

Noun

肺(はい) • (hai) 

  1. (anatomy) lung
Synonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
肺
ふくふくし
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

/pukupukusi/ → /ɸukuɸusi/.

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕi]

Noun

肺(ふくふくし) • (fukufukushi) 

  1. (obsolete, anatomy) lung
    • 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 68:
      心肺 々音辨 々訓布々久々之
      Heart Lung. Lung pronunciation is divided. Divided reading Pukupukusi.
    • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 2, page 35:
      肺 白虎通云 音廢 布久布久之 [...] 金之精也 色白 [...] 肺藏也 [...]
      Lung. Said to be white tigers pipe. Chinese reading is pai, [otherwise read] Pukupukusi. [...] the metal has been polished. [with the] color white [...] the lungs are hidden.

References

  1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 폥〮 (Yale: phyéy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 부〮화 (Yale: pwúhwà) 폐〯 (Yale: phyěy)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰje̞(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [폐(ː)/페(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

肺 (eumhun 허파 폐 (heopa pye))

  1. hanja form? of 폐 (“lungs”) [noun]

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

肺: Hán Nôm readings: phế, phổi, chị, phễ

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