萌芽

Chinese

		(archaic) people; sprout; (neologism) moe, cute	bud; sprout
trad. (萌芽)		萌	芽
simp. ^#(萌芽)		萌	芽
alternative forms		萌牙

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): méngyá

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mang⁴ ngaa⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bêng-gâ / bêng-gêe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: méngyá
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: méngyá
  - Wade–Giles: mêng²-ya²
  - Yale: méng-yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mengya
  - Palladius: мэнъя (mɛnʺja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɤŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mang⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Yale: màhng ngàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mang⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: meng⁴ nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-gâ
  - Tâi-lô: bîng-gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: benggaa
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-gêe
  - Tâi-lô: bîng-gêe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

Middle Chinese: meang ngae

Rime
Character	萌	芽
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	莫耕切	五加切
Baxter	meang	ngae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠɛŋ/	/ŋˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚæŋ/	/ŋᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/mɐŋ/	/ŋa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/məɨjŋ/	/ŋaɨ/
Li Rong	/mɛŋ/	/ŋa/
Wang Li	/mæŋ/	/ŋa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mæŋ/	/ŋa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	méng	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mang⁴	ngaa⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*mreːŋ ŋraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæ ›
Old Chinese	/*m-ɢˁ<r>a/
English	shoot, sprout
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	萌	芽
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9191	14178
Phonetic component	明	牙
Rime group	耕	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	甍	牙
Old Chinese	/*mreːŋ/	/*ŋraː/

Noun

萌芽

sprout
(figurative) germ (of an idea)

Verb

萌芽

(botany) to sprout; to germinate; to bud

Synonyms

出息 (Hakka)
出穎 / 出颖 (Xiamen Hokkien)
出芽 (chūyá)
出苗 (chūmiáo)
出青 (Hokkien)
必目 (Hakka)
必筍 / 必笋 (Hakka)
抽筍 / 抽笋 (Hakka)
抽芽 (chōuyá)
暴穎 / 暴颖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
暴筍 / 暴笋 (Hakka)
暴芽 (Hokkien)
權輿 / 权舆 (quányú) (literary)
爆穎 / 爆颖 (pok-íⁿ) (Taiwanese Hokkien)
爆芽 (bau⁴ nga⁴) (Gan, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
生筍 / 生笋 (Hakka)
生芽 (Hakka)
發穎 / 发颖 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
發芽 / 发芽 (fāyá)
綻筍 / 绽笋 (Hakka)
萌 (literary, or in compounds)
萌動 / 萌动 (méngdòng)
萌發 / 萌发 (méngfā)
露苗 (lòumiáo)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (萌芽):

→ Japanese: 萌(ほう)芽(が) (hōga)
→ Korean: 맹아(萌芽) (maeng'a)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
萌	芽
ほう Jinmeiyō	が Grade: 4
kan'yōon	kan'on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ほーが [hóꜜògà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ho̞ːɡa̠]

Noun

萌(ほう)芽(が) • (hōga) ^{←はうが (fauga)^?}

germination
Synonyms: 発芽 (hatsuga), 芽生え (mebae)
(figuratively) sign, omen
Synonym: 兆し (kizashi)

Derived terms

萌(ほう)芽(が)林(りん) (hōgarin)

Verb

萌(ほう)芽(が)する • (hōga suru) ^{←はうが (fauga)^?}intransitive suru (stem 萌(ほう)芽(が)し (hōga shi), past 萌(ほう)芽(が)した (hōga shita))

to germinate; to sprout

Conjugation

Conjugation of "萌芽する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	萌芽し	ほうがし	hōga shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	萌芽し	ほうがし	hōga shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	萌芽する	ほうがする	hōga suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	萌芽する	ほうがする	hōga suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	萌芽すれ	ほうがすれ	hōga sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	萌芽せよ¹ 萌芽しろ²	ほうがせよ¹ ほうがしろ²	hōga seyo¹ hōga shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	萌芽される	ほうがされる	hōga sareru
Causative	萌芽させる萌芽さす	ほうがさせるほうがさす	hōga saseru hōga sasu
Potential	萌芽できる	ほうができる	hōga dekiru
Volitional	萌芽しよう	ほうがしよう	hōga shiyō
Negative	萌芽しない	ほうがしない	hōga shinai
Negative continuative	萌芽せず	ほうがせず	hōga sezu
Formal	萌芽します	ほうがします	hōga shimasu
Perfective	萌芽した	ほうがした	hōga shita
Conjunctive	萌芽して	ほうがして	hōga shite
Hypothetical conditional	萌芽すれば	ほうがすれば	hōga sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
萌	芽

Noun

萌芽 • (maeng'a) (hangeul 맹아)

hanja form^? of 맹아