進化

See also: 进化

Chinese

		advance; enter; to come in	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (進化)		進	化
simp. (进化)		进	化

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 進(しん)化(か) (shinka).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jìnhuà

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zeon³ faa³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chin-fa
Eastern Min (BUC): céng-huá
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chìn-hòa
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵cin-ho

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìnhuà
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìnhuà
  - Wade–Giles: chin⁴-hua⁴
  - Yale: jìn-hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinnhuah
  - Palladius: цзиньхуа (czinʹxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zeon³ faa³
  - Yale: jeun fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen³ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: zên³ fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵn³³ faː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chin-fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: jin fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: jin⁴ fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sin⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: céng-huá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(h-)ŋuɑ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chìn-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: tsìn-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cienhoax
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ hua²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hua⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ hua²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sin¹¹⁻⁵³ hua¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁴¹ hua²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵cin-ho
  - MiniDict: cin^去 ho
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jin-ho
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin³³ ho⁴⁴/

Verb

進化

to evolve

Synonyms

演化 (yǎnhuà)
衍化 (yǎnhuà)

Antonyms

退化 (tuìhuà)

Derived terms

進化論 / 进化论 (jìnhuàlùn)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
進	化
しん Grade: 3	か Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しんか [shíꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕĩŋka̠]

Noun

進(しん)化(か) • (shinka)

evolution

Antonyms

退(たい)化(か) (taika): degeneration

Verb

進(しん)化(か)する • (shinka suru) suru (stem 進(しん)化(か)し (shinka shi), past 進(しん)化(か)した (shinka shita))

to evolve

Conjugation

Conjugation of "進化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	進化し	しんかし	shinka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	進化し	しんかし	shinka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	進化する	しんかする	shinka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	進化する	しんかする	shinka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	進化すれ	しんかすれ	shinka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	進化せよ¹ 進化しろ²	しんかせよ¹ しんかしろ²	shinka seyo¹ shinka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	進化される	しんかされる	shinka sareru
Causative	進化させる進化さす	しんかさせるしんかさす	shinka saseru shinka sasu
Potential	進化できる	しんかできる	shinka dekiru
Volitional	進化しよう	しんかしよう	shinka shiyō
Negative	進化しない	しんかしない	shinka shinai
Negative continuative	進化せず	しんかせず	shinka sezu
Formal	進化します	しんかします	shinka shimasu
Perfective	進化した	しんかした	shinka shita
Conjunctive	進化して	しんかして	shinka shite
Hypothetical conditional	進化すれば	しんかすれば	shinka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Descendants

→ Chinese: 進化 / 进化 (jìnhuà)
→ Korean: 진화 (jinhwa)
→ Vietnamese: tiến hoá

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
進	化

Noun

進化 • (jinhwa) (hangeul 진화)

hanja form^? of 진화 (“evolution”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
進	化

Noun

進化

chữ Hán form of tiến hoá (“evolution”)

Verb

進化

chữ Hán form of tiến hoá (“to evolve”)

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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