香る
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 香 |
| かお Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 薫る 馨る (rare) |
Etymology
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] No Ryukyuan cognates exist.
Given the Old Japanese spelling kaworu, this can be analyzable as a compound of Old Japanese elements 香 (ka, “fragrance”) + 居る (oru ← woru, “to have, to exist”).
Pronunciation
Verb
香る • (kaoru) ←かをる (kaworu)?intransitive godan (stem 香り (kaori), past 香った (kaotta))
- [from 720] have a fragrance or pleasant scent, be fragrant
- [from c. 898–901] to smell good
- [from c. 898–901] to be beautiful of the face (especially the eyes)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "香る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 香ら | かおら | kaora |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 香り | かおり | kaori |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 香る | かおる | kaoru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 香る | かおる | kaoru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 香れ | かおれ | kaore |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 香れ | かおれ | kaore |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 香られる | かおられる | kaorareru |
| Causative | 香らせる 香らす |
かおらせる かおらす |
kaoraseru kaorasu |
| Potential | 香れる | かおれる | kaoreru |
| Volitional | 香ろう | かおろう | kaorō |
| Negative | 香らない | かおらない | kaoranai |
| Negative continuative | 香らず | かおらず | kaorazu |
| Formal | 香ります | かおります | kaorimasu |
| Perfective | 香った | かおった | kaotta |
| Conjunctive | 香って | かおって | kaotte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 香れば | かおれば | kaoreba |
Classical conjugation of "香る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 香ら | かをら | kawora |
| Continuative (連用形) | 香り | かをり | kawori |
| Terminal (終止形) | 香る | かをる | kaworu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 香る | かをる | kaworu |
| Realis (已然形) | 香れ | かをれ | kawore |
| Imperative (命令形) | 香れ | かをれ | kawore |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 香らず | かをらず | kaworazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 香れど | かをれど | kaworedo |
| Causal conjunction | 香れば | かをれば | kaworeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 香らば | かをらば | kaworaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 香りき | かをりき | kaworiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 香りけり | かをりけり | kaworikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 香りつ | かをりつ | kaworitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 香りぬ | かをりぬ | kaworinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 香れり 香りたり |
かをれり かをりたり |
kaworeri kaworitari |
| Volitional | 香らむ | かをらむ | kaworamu |
References
- ^ “薫・香”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN