𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧

Prakrit

Etymology 1

Imitative of baby talk. Compare Proto-Dravidian *appa.

Noun

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa) m (Devanagari अप्प) ^[1]

dad, papa

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Hindi: आपा (āpā, “elder woman”)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Marathi: आपा (āpā)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Gujarati: આપો (āpo)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁t-

Proto-Indo-European *-mō

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁tmō

Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā

Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman)

Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa)

Inherited from Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman).

Noun

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa) (Devanagari अप्प) ^[2]^[3]

Usage notes

Nominative form is 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (appā), remaining forms decline with 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀡- (appaṇa-).

Alternative forms

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta), 𑀆𑀢 (āta), 𑀆𑀤 (āda), 𑀆𑀬 (āya)

Derived terms

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀡𑀬 (appaṇaya, “own”)

Descendants

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Hindustani:
  - Hindi: आप (āp, “you”)
  - Urdu: آپ (āp, “you”)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Bengali-Assamese:
  - Early Assamese: আপন (apono, “own”), আপুনি (apuni, “self”)
    - Assamese: আপোন (apün, “own”), আপুনি (apuni, “you, self”)
  - Old Bengali: অপা (apā, “self”)
    - Bengali: আপন (apon), আপনি (apni, “you”)
    - Rohingya: 𐴀𐴡𐴣𐴕𐴠 (oñne)
    - Sylheti: ꠀꠙ꠆ꠘꠦ (afne)
- Bihari:
  - Maithili: अपनि (apani)
- Odia: ଆପେ (āpē)
Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Dhivehi: އަހަރެން (aharen̊, “I”)
- Sinhalese: අපි (api, “we”)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Garhwali: अप्णु (apṇu)
- Kumaoni: आप (āp)
- Nepali: आफू (āphū)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  - Gurmukhi script: ਆਪ (āpa, “you”), (dialectal) ਆਪਾਂ (āpā̃)
  - Shahmukhi script: آپ (āp, “you”), (dialectal) آپاں (āpāṉ)
- Sindhi:
  - Khudabadi script: 𑊸𑊼𑋣𑋑 (pāṇa)
  - Devanagari script: पाण (pāṇa)
  - Arabic script: پاڻ (pāṇa)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Konkani: आपण (āpaṇa)
- Marathi: आप (āp), आपण (āpaṇ, “you”)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Gujarati: આપું (āpũ), આપણે (āpaṇe)
- Romani: pes (“himself; herself”)

Etymology 3

Adjective

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa) (Devanagari अप्प)

alternative form of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta, “reached”)

References

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “appa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ātman”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
^ Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “अप्प”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].