𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts
  • atta (Latin script)
  • अत्त (Devanagari script)
  • অত্ত (Bengali script)
  • අත‍්ත (Sinhalese script)
  • အတ္တ or ဢတ္တ or ဢတ်တ (Burmese script)
  • อตฺต or อัตตะ (Thai script)
  • ᩋᨲ᩠ᨲ (Tai Tham script)
  • ອຕ຺ຕ or ອັຕຕະ (Lao script)
  • អត្ត (Khmer script)
  • 𑄃𑄖𑄴𑄖 (Chakma script)

Noun

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta)

  1. vocative singular of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀦𑁆 (attan), Brahmi script form of attan

Prakrit

Etymology 1

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𐨀𐨟𐨿𐨪 (atra, Shahbazgarhi, Mansehra), 𑀅𑀢 (ata /⁠atta⁠/, Kalsi), from Sanskrit अत्र (átra).

Adverb

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) (Devanagari अत्त)

  1. here
Descendants
  • Konkani: आता (ātā)
  • Old Marathi: आतां (ātāṃ)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Sanskrit आप्त (āptá).

Adjective

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) (Devanagari अत्त)

  1. reached
  2. received, obtained, got
  3. abundant, full
  4. apt, fit
Declension
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (masculine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 (atto) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (feminine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attāhiṃ)
Dative — —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto)
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼 (attāsu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attāsuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (neuter)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)

Etymology 3

Inherited from Sanskrit आर्त (ā́rta).

Adjective

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) (Devanagari अत्त)

  1. pained, injured, sick
Declension
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (masculine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 (atto) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (feminine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attāhiṃ)
Dative — —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto)
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼 (attāsu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attāsuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (neuter)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)

Etymology 4

Inherited from Sanskrit आत्त (ātta).

Adjective

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) (Devanagari अत्त)

  1. taken, seized, grasped
Declension
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (masculine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 (atto) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (feminine)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attāhiṃ)
Dative — —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto)
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀏 (attāe) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼 (attāsu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attāsuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā)
Maharastri declension of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (neuter)
singular plural
Nominative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Accusative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 (attaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)
Instrumental 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡 (atteṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀡𑀁 (atteṇaṃ) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺 (attehi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (attehiṃ)
Dative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀅 (attāa) —
Ablative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀑 (attāo) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀉 (attāu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺 (attāhi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (attāhiṃto) —
Genitive 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (attassa) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡 (attāṇa) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁 (attāṇaṃ)
Locative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (attammi) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (atte) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 (attesu) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (attesuṃ)
Vocative 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā) 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇𑀁 (attāiṃ) or 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀇 (attāi)

Etymology 5

Inherited from Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman).

Noun

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢 (atta) (Devanagari अत्त)

  1. alternative form of 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧 (appa)
Usage notes

Nominative form is 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā), remaining forms decline with 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀡- (attaṇa-).

Derived terms
  • 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀡𑀅 (attaṇaa)
Descendants
  • Southern Indo-Aryan:
  • Northern Indo-Aryan:
    • Nepali: आन्त (ānta)

References

  • Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “अत्त”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 47.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “átra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
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