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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From a nasal-infix present *pl̥néh₂ti ~ pl̥nh₂énti, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with Latin pellō (“to drive”).[1]
Verb
*ɸalnati
- to approach
- to drive
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₂-final root
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸalnāmi
|
*ɸalnamam
|
*ɸiblāsū
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸalnāsi
|
*ɸalnatās
|
*ɸiblāsesi
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸalnāti
|
*ɸalnato
|
*ɸiblāseti
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸalnamosi
|
*ɸalnamo
|
*ɸiblāsomosi
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸalnatesi
|
*ɸalnastē
|
*ɸiblāsetesi
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸalnanti
|
*ɸalnanto
|
*ɸiblāsonti
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸelū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸelesi
|
?
|
*ɸalnā
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸeleti
|
?
|
*ɸalnātou
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸelomosi
|
?
|
*ɸalnamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸeletesi
|
?
|
*ɸalnate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸelonti
|
?
|
*ɸalnantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸalnār
|
—
|
*ɸiblāsūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸalnātar
|
—
|
*ɸiblāsetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸalnātor
|
?
|
*ɸiblāsetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸalnammor
|
—
|
*ɸiblāsommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸalnadwe
|
—
|
*ɸiblāsedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸalnantor
|
?
|
*ɸiblāsontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸelūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸeletar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸeletor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸelommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸeledwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸelontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnonts
|
*ɸalnonte
|
*ɸalnontes
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnonts
|
*ɸalnonte
|
*ɸalnontes
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnontam
|
*ɸalnonte
|
*ɸalnontans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnantos
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnantei
|
*ɸalnantbom
|
*ɸalnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸalnantī?
|
*ɸalnantbim
|
*ɸalnantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnantī
|
*ɸalnantī
|
*ɸalnantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnantī
|
*ɸalnantī
|
*ɸalnantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnantīm
|
*ɸalnantī
|
*ɸalnantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnantyās
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantyom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnantyāi
|
*ɸalnantyābom
|
*ɸalnantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantyābim
|
*ɸalnantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnont
|
*?
|
*ɸalnonta
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnont
|
*?
|
*ɸalnonta
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnont
|
*?
|
*ɸalnonta
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnantos
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnantei
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸalnantī?
|
*?
|
*ɸalnantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnamnos
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnamne
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnamnī
|
*ɸalnamnous
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnamnūi
|
*ɸalnamnobom
|
*ɸalnamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸalnamnū
|
*ɸalnamnobim
|
*ɸalnamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnamnā
|
*ɸalnamnai
|
*ɸalnamnās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnamnā
|
*ɸalnamnai
|
*ɸalnamnās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnamnam
|
*ɸalnamnai
|
*ɸalnamnans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnamnās
|
*ɸalnamnous
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnamnai
|
*ɸalnamnābom
|
*ɸalnamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸalnamnābim
|
*ɸalnamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
*ɸalnamnou
|
*ɸalnamnā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸalnamnī
|
*ɸalnamnous
|
*ɸalnamnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸalnamnūi
|
*ɸalnamnobom
|
*ɸalnamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸalnamnū
|
*ɸalnamnobim
|
*ɸalnamnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlatos
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlate
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlatom
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlatī
|
*ɸlatous
|
*ɸlatom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlatūi
|
*ɸlatobom
|
*ɸlatobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlatū
|
*ɸlatobim
|
*ɸlatobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlatā
|
*ɸlatai
|
*ɸlatās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlatā
|
*ɸlatai
|
*ɸlatās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlatam
|
*ɸlatai
|
*ɸlatans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlatās
|
*ɸlatous
|
*ɸlatom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlatai
|
*ɸlatābom
|
*ɸlatābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸlatābim
|
*ɸlatābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlatom
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlatom
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlatom
|
*ɸlatou
|
*ɸlatā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlatī
|
*ɸlatous
|
*ɸlatom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlatūi
|
*ɸlatobom
|
*ɸlatobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlatū
|
*ɸlatobim
|
*ɸlatobis
|
Derived terms
- *ad-ɸalnati
- Old Irish: ad·ella
- Celtiberian: alatai (past part. dat./loc. sg.) (if Prósper's reading is adopted)[2]
Descendants
This verb ended up supplying the future tense forms of *ageti (“to drive”) in Insular Celtic and *aleti (“to nourish”) in Goidelic, and was generally lost otherwise.
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Cornish: ylliv (among other inflected forms of mos (“to go”))
- Welsh: elwyf (among other literary inflected forms of mynd (“to go”))
- Old Irish: ·ella (lost outside of compounds)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 121
- ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2011) “The Hispano-Celtic Divinity ILVRBEDA, Gold Mining in Western Hispania and the Syntactic Context of Celtiberian arkatobezom ‘Silver Mine’”, in Die Sprache, volume 49, number 1, page 70