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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from the root *h₂el-.
Verb
*aleti
- to nourish, grow
Inflection
In Goidelic, the expected future stem was replaced by that of *ɸalnati (“to drive”). This is traditionally explained as an analogy with *ɸarnati (“to grant”).
| Thematic present, t-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*alū
|
*alemam
|
*īlāsū
|
*alam
|
| 2nd singular
|
*alesi
|
*aletās
|
*īlāsesi
|
*als
|
| 3rd singular
|
*aleti
|
*aleto
|
*īlāseti
|
*alt
|
| 1st plural
|
*alomosi
|
*alemo
|
*īlāsomosi
|
*alme
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| 2nd plural
|
*aletesi
|
*alestē
|
*īlāsetesi
|
*alte
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| 3rd plural
|
*alonti
|
*alento
|
*īlāsonti
|
*alant
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|
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Pres. subjunctive
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Past subjunctive
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Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*alasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*alasesi
|
?
|
*ale
|
| 3rd singular
|
*alaseti
|
?
|
*aletou
|
| 1st plural
|
*alasomosi
|
?
|
*alomos
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| 2nd plural
|
*alasetesi
|
?
|
*alete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*alasonti
|
?
|
*alontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*alūr
|
—
|
*īlāsūr
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*aletar
|
—
|
*īlāsetar
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*aletor
|
?
|
*īlāsetor
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*alommor
|
—
|
*īlāsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*aledwe
|
—
|
*īlāsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*alontor
|
?
|
*īlāsontor
|
*alanto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*alasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*alasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*alasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*alasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*alasedwe
|
—
|
—
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| 3rd plural
|
*alasontor
|
—
|
—
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| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*alonts
|
*alonte
|
*alontes
|
| vocative
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*alonts
|
*alonte
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*alontes
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| accusative
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*alontam
|
*alonte
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*alontans
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| genitive
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*alantos
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*?
|
*alantom
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| dative
|
*alantei
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*alantbom
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*alantbos
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| instrumental
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*alantī?
|
*alantbim
|
*alantbis
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| feminine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*alantī
|
*alantī
|
*alantiyās
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| vocative
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*alantī
|
*alantī
|
*alantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*alantīm
|
*alantī
|
*alantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*alantyās
|
*?
|
*alantyom
|
| dative
|
*alantyāi
|
*alantyābom
|
*alantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*alantyābim
|
*alantyābis
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| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*alont
|
*?
|
*alonta
|
| vocative
|
*alont
|
*?
|
*alonta
|
| accusative
|
*alont
|
*?
|
*alonta
|
| genitive
|
*alantos
|
*?
|
*alantom
|
| dative
|
*alantei
|
*?
|
*alantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*alantī?
|
*?
|
*alantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
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*alomnos
|
*alomnou
|
*alomnoi
|
| vocative
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*alomne
|
*alomnou
|
*alomnoi
|
| accusative
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*alomnom
|
*alomnou
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*alomnons
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| genitive
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*alomnī
|
*alomnous
|
*alomnom
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| dative
|
*alomnūi
|
*alomnobom
|
*alomnobos
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| instrumental
|
*alomnū
|
*alomnobim
|
*alomnobis
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| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*alomnā
|
*alomnai
|
*alomnās
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| vocative
|
*alomnā
|
*alomnai
|
*alomnās
|
| accusative
|
*alomnam
|
*alomnai
|
*alomnans
|
| genitive
|
*alomnās
|
*alomnous
|
*alomnom
|
| dative
|
*alomnai
|
*alomnābom
|
*alomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*alomnābim
|
*alomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*alomnom
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*alomnou
|
*alomnā
|
| vocative
|
*alomnom
|
*alomnou
|
*alomnā
|
| accusative
|
*alomnom
|
*alomnou
|
*alomnā
|
| genitive
|
*alomnī
|
*alomnous
|
*alomnom
|
| dative
|
*alomnūi
|
*alomnobom
|
*alomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*alomnū
|
*alomnobim
|
*alomnobis
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| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*altos
|
*altou
|
*altoi
|
| vocative
|
*alte
|
*altou
|
*altoi
|
| accusative
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*altom
|
*altou
|
*altons
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| genitive
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*altī
|
*altous
|
*altom
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| dative
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*altūi
|
*altobom
|
*altobos
|
| instrumental
|
*altū
|
*altobim
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*altobis
|
| feminine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
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*altā
|
*altai
|
*altās
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| vocative
|
*altā
|
*altai
|
*altās
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| accusative
|
*altam
|
*altai
|
*altans
|
| genitive
|
*altās
|
*altous
|
*altom
|
| dative
|
*altai
|
*altābom
|
*altābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*altābim
|
*altābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*altom
|
*altou
|
*altā
|
| vocative
|
*altom
|
*altou
|
*altā
|
| accusative
|
*altom
|
*altou
|
*altā
|
| genitive
|
*altī
|
*altous
|
*altom
|
| dative
|
*altūi
|
*altobom
|
*altobos
|
| instrumental
|
*altū
|
*altobim
|
*altobis
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Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *alɨd
- Middle Breton: halaff
- Middle Welsh: alu, alho (3sg.pres.subj.)
- Old Irish: ailid, ·ail
References