oil

See also: OIL, Oil, óil, òil, oïl, and -oil

English

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • enPR: oil, IPA(key): /ɔɪ(ə)l/, [ɔɪ(ə)ɫ]
  • (Southern US) IPA(key): /ɔl̴/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Audio (UK):(file)
  • Homophone: Oi'll
  • Rhymes: -ɔɪl

Etymology 1

From Middle English oyle, oile (“olive oil”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman olie, from Latin oleum (“oil, olive oil”), from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion, “olive oil”), from ἐλαία (elaía, “olive”). Compare Proto-Slavic *lojь. More at olive. Doublet of oleum. Supplanted Middle English ele (“oil”), from Old English ele (“oil”), also from Latin.

Noun

oil (countable and uncountable, plural oils)

  2. Liquid fat.
  4. Petroleum-based liquid used as fuel or lubricant.
  5. Petroleum.
    • 2013 August 3, “Yesterday’s fuel”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:
      The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania. The first barrels of crude fetched $18 (around $450 at today’s prices). It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber.
  6. (countable) An oil painting.
    • 1973, John Ulric Nef, Search for meaning: the autobiography of a nonconformist, page 89:
      Yet, in another way, I was unable to put Picasso's oils in the same class as Cezanne's, or even (which will no doubt shock many readers) as Renoir's.
  7. (painting) Oil paint.
    I prefer to paint in oil
Derived terms
Terms derived from the noun oil
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2

From Middle English oilen, oylen, from the noun (see above).

Verb

oil (third-person singular simple present oils, present participle oiling, simple past and past participle oiled)

  1. (transitive) To lubricate with oil.
    Hypernym: lubricate
    Hyponyms: overoil, reoil, underoil
    Coordinate term: grease
    • 1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:
      Before they went to see Glinda, however, they were taken to a room of the Castle, where Dorothy washed her face and combed her hair, and the Lion shook the dust out of his mane, and the Scarecrow patted himself into his best shape, and the Woodman polished his tin and oiled his joints.
    • 1955 February, E. J. Tyler and J. Quanjer, “The Steam Locomotive in Holland 1919-1954”, in Railway Magazine, page 131:
      Platform faces in Holland are further back from the track than they are in Britain, and it is a common thing to see a driver standing quite comfortably between his engine and the platform while oiling the motion.
    • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 17, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:
      The face which emerged was not reassuring. […]. He was not a mongol but there was a deficiency of a sort there, and it was not made more pretty by a latter-day hair cut which involved eccentrically long elf-locks and oiled black curls.
  2. (transitive) To grease with oil for cooking.
  3. (transitive) To fuel with oil.
  4. To say in an unctuous manner.
    • 1984 December 22, Michael Bronski, “Women Act Out on Film”, in Gay Community News, volume 12, number 23, page 10:
      "Do you need a drink?" oils Robert Ryan to the disinterested Stanwyck in Clash By Night; "Let's say that's what I need," she sneers back.
Derived terms
Translations

Anagrams

Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɛlʲ/, /ɪlʲ/[1]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ail, oil (“disgrace, reproach”).[2]

Noun

oil f (genitive singular oile)

  1. (literary) disgrace, reproach; act of reproaching
  2. (literary) blemish, defect
Declension
Declension of oil (second declension, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative oil
vocative a oil
genitive oile
dative oil
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an oil
genitive na hoile
dative leis an oil
don oil

Etymology 2

From Old Irish ailid, oilid (“nourishes, rears, fosters”) (compare altram (“fosterage”), from a verbal noun of ailid).[3]

Verb

oil (present analytic oileann, future analytic oilfidh, verbal noun oiliúint, past participle oilte)

  1. (transitive) nourish, rear, foster
    Proverb: Gach dalta mar a oiltear. ― Every fosterling as it is reared.
  2. (transitive) train, educate
    lámh oilte ― practised hand
Conjugation
conjugation of oil (first conjugation – A)
verbal noun oiliúint
past participle oilte
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present oilim oileann tú;
oilir† 		oileann sé, sí oilimid oileann sibh oileann siad;
oilid† 		a oileann; a oileas /
a n-oileann* 		oiltear
past d'oil mé; d'oileas /
oil mé‡; oileas‡ 		d'oil tú; d'oilis /
oil tú; oilis‡ 		d'oil sé, sí /
oil sé, sí‡ 		d'oileamar; d'oil muid /
oileamar; oil muid‡ 		d'oil sibh; d'oileabhair /
oil sibh;
oileabhair‡ 		d'oil siad; d'oileadar /
oil siad; oileadar‡ 		a d'oil /
ar oil* 		oileadh;
hoileadh†
past habitual d'oilinn /
oilinn‡; n-oilinn‡‡ 		d'oilteá /
oilteá‡; n-oilteᇇ 		d'oileadh sé, sí /
oileadh sé, sí‡; n-oileadh sé, s퇇 		d'oilimis; d'oileadh muid /
oilimis; oileadh muid‡; n-oilimis‡‡; n-oileadh muid‡‡ 		d'oileadh sibh /
oileadh sibh‡; n-oileadh sibh‡‡ 		d'oilidís; d'oileadh siad /
oilidís; oileadh siad‡; n-oilidís‡‡; n-oileadh siad‡‡ 		a d'oileadh /
a n-oileadh* 		d'oiltí /
oiltí‡; n-oilt퇇
future oilfidh mé;
oilfead 		oilfidh tú;
oilfir† 		oilfidh sé, sí oilfimid;
oilfidh muid 		oilfidh sibh oilfidh siad;
oilfid† 		a oilfidh; a oilfeas /
a n-oilfidh* 		oilfear
conditional d'oilfinn / oilfinn‡; n-oilfinn‡‡ d'oilfeá / oilfeá‡; n-oilfeᇇ d'oilfeadh sé, sí / oilfeadh sé, sí‡; n-oilfeadh sé, s퇇 d'oilfimis; d'oilfeadh muid / oilfimis‡; oilfeadh muid‡; n-oilfimis‡‡; n-oilfeadh muid‡‡ d'oilfeadh sibh / oilfeadh sibh‡; n-oilfeadh sibh‡‡ d'oilfidís; d'oilfeadh siad / oilfidís‡; oilfeadh siad‡; n-oilfidís‡‡; n-oilfeadh siad‡‡ a d'oilfeadh /
a n-oilfeadh* 		d'oilfí / oilfí‡; n-oilf퇇
subjunctive
present go n-oile mé;
go n-oilead† 		go n-oile tú;
go n-oilir† 		go n-oile sé, sí go n-oilimid;
go n-oile muid 		go n-oile sibh go n-oile siad;
go n-oilid† 		— go n-oiltear
past dá n-oilinn dá n-oilteá dá n-oileadh sé, sí dá n-oilimis;
dá n-oileadh muid 		dá n-oileadh sibh dá n-oilidís;
dá n-oileadh siad 		— dá n-oiltí
imperative
– oilim oil oileadh sé, sí oilimis oiligí;
oilidh† 		oilidís — oiltear

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Noun

oil f (genitive singular oileach, nominative plural oileacha)

  1. alternative form of ail (“stone, rock”)
Declension
Declension of oil (fifth declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative oil oileacha
vocative a oil a oileacha
genitive oileach oileacha
dative oil oileacha
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an oil na hoileacha
genitive na hoileach na n-oileacha
dative leis an oil
don oil 		leis na hoileacha

Etymology 4

Verb

oil (present analytic oileann, future analytic oilfidh, verbal noun oiliúint, past participle oilte)

  1. (intransitive) alternative form of oir (“suit, fit, become”)
Conjugation
conjugation of oil (first conjugation – A)
verbal noun oiliúint
past participle oilte
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present oilim oileann tú;
oilir† 		oileann sé, sí oilimid oileann sibh oileann siad;
oilid† 		a oileann; a oileas /
a n-oileann* 		oiltear
past d'oil mé; d'oileas /
oil mé‡; oileas‡ 		d'oil tú; d'oilis /
oil tú; oilis‡ 		d'oil sé, sí /
oil sé, sí‡ 		d'oileamar; d'oil muid /
oileamar; oil muid‡ 		d'oil sibh; d'oileabhair /
oil sibh;
oileabhair‡ 		d'oil siad; d'oileadar /
oil siad; oileadar‡ 		a d'oil /
ar oil* 		oileadh;
hoileadh†
past habitual d'oilinn /
oilinn‡; n-oilinn‡‡ 		d'oilteá /
oilteá‡; n-oilteᇇ 		d'oileadh sé, sí /
oileadh sé, sí‡; n-oileadh sé, s퇇 		d'oilimis; d'oileadh muid /
oilimis; oileadh muid‡; n-oilimis‡‡; n-oileadh muid‡‡ 		d'oileadh sibh /
oileadh sibh‡; n-oileadh sibh‡‡ 		d'oilidís; d'oileadh siad /
oilidís; oileadh siad‡; n-oilidís‡‡; n-oileadh siad‡‡ 		a d'oileadh /
a n-oileadh* 		d'oiltí /
oiltí‡; n-oilt퇇
future oilfidh mé;
oilfead 		oilfidh tú;
oilfir† 		oilfidh sé, sí oilfimid;
oilfidh muid 		oilfidh sibh oilfidh siad;
oilfid† 		a oilfidh; a oilfeas /
a n-oilfidh* 		oilfear
conditional d'oilfinn / oilfinn‡; n-oilfinn‡‡ d'oilfeá / oilfeá‡; n-oilfeᇇ d'oilfeadh sé, sí / oilfeadh sé, sí‡; n-oilfeadh sé, s퇇 d'oilfimis; d'oilfeadh muid / oilfimis‡; oilfeadh muid‡; n-oilfimis‡‡; n-oilfeadh muid‡‡ d'oilfeadh sibh / oilfeadh sibh‡; n-oilfeadh sibh‡‡ d'oilfidís; d'oilfeadh siad / oilfidís‡; oilfeadh siad‡; n-oilfidís‡‡; n-oilfeadh siad‡‡ a d'oilfeadh /
a n-oilfeadh* 		d'oilfí / oilfí‡; n-oilf퇇
subjunctive
present go n-oile mé;
go n-oilead† 		go n-oile tú;
go n-oilir† 		go n-oile sé, sí go n-oilimid;
go n-oile muid 		go n-oile sibh go n-oile siad;
go n-oilid† 		— go n-oiltear
past dá n-oilinn dá n-oilteá dá n-oileadh sé, sí dá n-oilimis;
dá n-oileadh muid 		dá n-oileadh sibh dá n-oilidís;
dá n-oileadh siad 		— dá n-oiltí
imperative
– oilim oil oileadh sé, sí oilimis oiligí;
oilidh† 		oilidís — oiltear

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

Mutation

Mutated forms of oil
radical eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
oil n-oil hoil not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 89
  2. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ail (‘disgrace, reproach’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  3. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ailid (‘nourish, foster’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

Middle English

Noun

oil

  1. alternative form of oyle

Old French

Etymology 1

From o +‎ il, possibly from:

In any case, an elliptical phrase of response, by semantic erosion/grammaticalization possibly calqued on Gaulish: compare Portuguese and Spanish isso and eso (“yes, yeah”, literally “this”), Celtic languages such as Old Irish tó (“yes”), Welsh do (“indeed”), from *tod (“this, that”).[4]

Compare with Old French o, ou, oc, ec, euc, uoc, Old Occitan oc (Occitan òc), all from the simple Latin hoc.

Alternative forms

  • oïl (almost always used by scholars to disambiguate with other meanings)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /uˈil/

Adverb

oil

  1. yes

Interjection

oil

  1. yes

Descendants

  • French: oui, voui, ouais
    • Haitian Creole: wi
    • Louisiana Creole: wi
    • → English: oui
    • Maori: Wīwī (“France”)
  • Norman: oui (Guernsey)

References

  1. ^ Languages Within Language, by Ivan Fonagy, page 66
  2. ^ “oui”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
  3. ^ Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé at atilf.fr; select “OÏL”
  4. ^ Peter Schrijver, Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles, Maynooth, 1997, 15.

Etymology 2

See ueil.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɔ(i̯)ʎ/

Noun

oil oblique singular, m (oblique plural ouz or oilz, nominative singular ouz or oilz, nominative plural oil)

  1. alternative form of ueil
    • 1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “De tous Faucons [On all falcons]” (chapter 150), Book 5, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini‎[1], Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 203:
      La sisisme ligne est sourpoins. Cist est molt grans, et resemble aigle blanche, mais des oilz et des eles et dou bec est il semblables au girfaut
      The sixth kind [of falcon] is the saker. It is very large, and resembles the white eagle; but in the eyes, and in the wings, and in the beak, it is similar to the gyrfalcon

Simeulue

Noun

oil

  1. water
  2. sap

References

  • Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
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