vos

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vos"
Languages (25)
Afrikaans • Aragonese • Catalan • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Fala • Franco-Provençal • French • Galician • Icelandic • Interlingua • Ladino • Latin • Lithuanian • Middle Dutch • Occitan • Old French • Old Occitan • Piedmontese • Portuguese • Sardinian • Slovene • Spanish • Walloon
Page categories

Afrikaans

Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fɔs/
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

  1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

  • skoolvos

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bos/
  • Syllabification: vos
  • Rhymes: -os

Pronoun

vos

  1. you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
  2. (to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

  • (Central) IPA(key): /bus/ (always unstressed)
  • (Balearic) IPA(key): /vus/ (always unstressed)
  • (Valencia) IPA(key): /vos/ (always unstressed)

Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

  1. you (plural, direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

  • -vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
    Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
singular 1st
person 		standard jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd
person 		standard tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd
person 		m ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
f ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
n ho -ho li -li seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd
person 		standard vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd
person 		m ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
f elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi

1 Behaves grammatically as plural.   2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
3 Only as object of a preposition.   4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Further reading

Czech

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈvos]

Noun

vos f

  1. genitive plural of vosa

Danish

Pronoun

vos

  1. (dialectal) pronunciation spelling of os
    • 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:
      Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:
      Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:
      Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vɔs/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: vos
  • Rhymes: -ɔs

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

  1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
  2. (particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
    Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
  3. fox fur
  4. a crafty, ingenious person
    Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.
    Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
  5. horse with red or red-brown fur
  6. a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
    Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Afrikaans: vos
  • Jersey Dutch: vośe
  • Negerhollands: vos

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vos

  1. inflection of vossen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
    3. imperative

Further reading

  • “vos” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

Fala

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl

  1. Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
  2. (Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

  • In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
  • Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

See also

Fala personal pronouns
nominative dative accusative disjunctive
singular first person ei me, -mi mi
second person tú te, -ti ti
third
person 		m el le, -li uLV, oM el
f ela a ela
plural first
person 		common nos musL
nusLV
nos, -nusM 		nos
m noshotrusM noshotrusM
f noshotrasM noshotrasM
second
person 		common vos vusLV
vos, -vusM 		vos
m voshotrusM voshotrusM
f voshotrasM voshotrasM
third
person 		m elis le, -li usLV, osM elis
f elas as elas
third person reflexive — se, -si sí

Dialects:  L Lagarteiru   M Mañegu   V Valverdeñu

References

  • Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

  1. you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

Derived terms

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative tonic1 possessive2
singular 1st person jo mè min
2nd person te tè tin
3rd person masculine il lo / le lui sin
feminine el la lyé
neuter o y —
reflexive — sè
plural 1st person nos noutro
2nd person vos voutro
3rd person masculine ils los / les lor lor
feminine els les lor / lyés
reflexive — sè

1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

  • vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
  • vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

Pronunciation

Determiner

vos pl

  1. plural of votre; your
    Vos parents sont très gentils.
    Your parents are very nice.
French possessive determiners
possessee
singular plural
m f
possessor singular 1st mon1 ma mes
2nd ton1 ta tes
3rd son1 sa ses
plural 1st notre nos
2nd votre2 vos2
3rd leur leurs
1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.
For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Further reading

Galician

Pronoun

vos

  1. inflection of vós:
    1. accusative/dative
    2. reflexive

Icelandic

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vɔs/

Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

  1. wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

Declension

Declension of vos (neuter)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative vos vosið vos vosin
accusative vos vosið vos vosin
dative vosi vosinu vosum vosunum
genitive voss vossins vosa vosanna

References

  • Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

  1. you (plural)

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vos/

Pronoun

vos (Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)

  1. you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
  2. accusative of vozotros
  3. accusative of vozotras

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

vōs

  1. you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
    • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.200–202:
      “Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
      accēstis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpēa saxa
      expertī [...].”
      “You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
      (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

Declension

plural
nominative vōs
genitive vestrī
vestrum
dative vōbīs
accusative vōs
ablative vōbīs
vocative vōs

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

Latin personal pronouns together with the possessive and reflexive pronouns
pronoun possessive
number person nominative genitive dative accusative ablative
singular first ego meī mihi mē meus, -a, -um
second tū tuī tibi tē tuus, -a, -um
third m is ēius eī eum eō —
f ea eam eā
n id id eō
plural first nōs nostrī, nostrum nōbīs nōs nōbīs noster, -tra, -trum
second vōs vestrī, vestrum vōbīs vōs vōbīs vester, -tra, -trum
third m eī, iī eōrum eīs eōs eīs —
f eae eārum eās
n ea eōrum ea
reflexive — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um

References

  • “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • "vos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • vos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
    • not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

Lithuanian

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *edъva (“barely”); see there for more.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vǒːs̪/

Adverb

võs (not comparable)

  1. hardly, barely

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

Noun

vos m

  1. fox, red fox

Inflection

Strong masculine noun
singular plural
nominative vos vosse
accusative vos vosse
genitive vos vosse
dative vosse vossen

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Dutch: vos
    • Afrikaans: vos
    • Jersey Dutch: vośe
    • Negerhollands: vos
  • Limburgish: vósj

Further reading

  • “vos”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “vos”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vus/
  • Audio:(file)

Pronoun

vos

  1. to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
  2. yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vus/

Pronoun

vos

  1. you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
  2. your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
  3. yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
  4. you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
    • c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
      qant je vos voi de tel meniere
      when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

  1. you (plural or polite form)

Descendants

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin vōx.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vus/

Noun

vos f (plural vos)

  1. voice

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

 
 

  • Hyphenation: vos

Pronoun

vos

  1. objective of vós
    É por isso que vos digo que...
    That is why I tell you (all) that...

See also

Portuguese personal pronouns
number person nominative
(subject) 		accusative
(direct object) 		dative
(indirect object) 		prepositional prepositional
with com 		non-declining
singular first eu me mim comigo —
second tu te ti contigo você
o senhor m
a senhora f
third m ele o (lo, no) lhe ele com ele o mesmo
f ela a (la, na) ela com ela a mesma
plural first nós nos nós connosco (Portugal)
conosco (Brazil) 		a gente
second vós vos vós convosco
com vós 		vocês
os senhores m
as senhoras f
third m eles os (los, nos) lhes eles com eles os mesmos
f elas as (las, nas) elas com elas as mesmas
reflexive third /
indefinite 		— se si consigo o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

Sardinian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)

  1. you (plural), ye
    Synonyms: vois, vosateros

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʋóːs/

Noun

vọ̑s m inan

  1. (obsolete) hair
  2. (obsolete) moustache

Further reading

  • “vos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

Spanish

Voseo on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
  • Rhymes: -os
  • Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

  1. (Rioplatense, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Central America, Chiapas, Zulia, parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Philippines) you, familiar form of the second-person singular pronoun
    Synonym: tú
  2. (archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
    Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.
    You, Doña Juana, are charitable.

Usage notes

In Colombia, vos is used in the Paisa region and in the Valle del Cauca, southern Cauca, northern Tolima, La Guajira, northern César, and Nariño departments

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

See also

Spanish personal pronouns
Nominative Disjunctive Accusative Dative Comitative
First-person Singular yo mí me conmigo
Plural Masculine1 nosotros nos —
Feminine nosotras
Second-person Singular Tuteo tú tí te contigo
Voseo vos —
Formal2 Masculine1 usted le, se3 lo
Feminine la
Plural Familiar4 Masculine1 vosotros os
Feminine vosotras
Formal/general2 Masculine1 ustedes les, se3 los
Feminine las
Third-person Singular Masculine1 él le, se3 lo
Feminine ella la
Neuter ello5 lo
Plural Masculine1 ellos les, se3 los
Feminine ellas las
Reflexive — sí se consigo
  1. Like other masculine words, masculine pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
  2. Treated as if it were third person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity.
  3. If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g. se lo dije instead of *le lo dije).
  4. Used primarily in Spain.
  5. Used only in rare circumstances.

Further reading

Walloon

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vɔ/

Pronoun

vos

  1. you (singular)
  2. you (plural)

Synonyms

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