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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
- *dāti (with dereduplication)
Etymology
From earlier *didōti, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. Cognate with Latin dō and Lithuanian dúoti.
Verb
*didāti[1][2]
- to give
Inflection
| Athematic present with stem ablaut to a laryngeal-final root, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*didāmi
|
*didamam
|
?
|
*dedū
|
| 2nd singular
|
*didāsi
|
*didatās
|
?
|
*dedūs
|
| 3rd singular
|
*didāti
|
*didato
|
?
|
*dedū
|
| 1st plural
|
*didamosi
|
*didamo
|
?
|
*dedamo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*didatesi
|
*didastē
|
?
|
*dedate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*didonti
|
*didanto
|
?
|
*dedars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*dāsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dāsesi
|
?
|
*didā
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dāseti
|
?
|
*didātou
|
| 1st plural
|
*dāsomosi
|
?
|
*didamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dāsetesi
|
?
|
*didate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dāsonti
|
?
|
*didontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*didār
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*didātar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*didātor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*didammor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*didadwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*didontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*dāsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dāsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dāsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*dāsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dāsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dāsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didonts
|
*didonte
|
*didontes
|
| vocative
|
*didonts
|
*didonte
|
*didontes
|
| accusative
|
*didontam
|
*didonte
|
*didontans
|
| genitive
|
*didantos
|
*?
|
*didantom
|
| dative
|
*didantei
|
*didantbom
|
*didantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*didantī?
|
*didantbim
|
*didantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didantī
|
*didantī
|
*didantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*didantī
|
*didantī
|
*didantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*didantīm
|
*didantī
|
*didantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*didantyās
|
*?
|
*didantyom
|
| dative
|
*didantyāi
|
*didantyābom
|
*didantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*didantyābim
|
*didantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didont
|
*?
|
*didonta
|
| vocative
|
*didont
|
*?
|
*didonta
|
| accusative
|
*didont
|
*?
|
*didonta
|
| genitive
|
*didantos
|
*?
|
*didantom
|
| dative
|
*didantei
|
*?
|
*didantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*didantī?
|
*?
|
*didantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didamnos
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*didamne
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*didamnom
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnons
|
| genitive
|
*didamnī
|
*didamnous
|
*didamnom
|
| dative
|
*didamnūi
|
*didamnobom
|
*didamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*didamnū
|
*didamnobim
|
*didamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didamnā
|
*didamnai
|
*didamnās
|
| vocative
|
*didamnā
|
*didamnai
|
*didamnās
|
| accusative
|
*didamnam
|
*didamnai
|
*didamnans
|
| genitive
|
*didamnās
|
*didamnous
|
*didamnom
|
| dative
|
*didamnai
|
*didamnābom
|
*didamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*didamnābim
|
*didamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*didamnom
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnā
|
| vocative
|
*didamnom
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnā
|
| accusative
|
*didamnom
|
*didamnou
|
*didamnā
|
| genitive
|
*didamnī
|
*didamnous
|
*didamnom
|
| dative
|
*didamnūi
|
*didamnobom
|
*didamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*didamnū
|
*didamnobim
|
*didamnobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- According to KPV and Darling, this verb was originally reduplicated.[1][2] In Insular Celtic (and Gaulish as well, if the imperative da is of any indication, unless that imperative is from a root aorist[3]), the reduplication was lost, yielding *dāti, but signs of a reduplicated present persisted in Celtiberian; but even there, the imperative lost reduplication.
- This verb had a reduplicated preterite in the simplex, as attested in Celtiberian and Gaulish. However, this preterite formation may be replaced with an s-preterite when this verb was prefixed, as Gaulish and Old Irish show.
- It can be difficult to distinguish derivatives of this verb and derivatives of *didīti (“to put, place”).
Derived terms
- *ɸroaddāti
- ⇒ Old Irish: do·rat (prefixed further with *to-)
- Gaulish: readdas (3sg. pret.)
- *eɸidāti
Descendants
- Celtiberian: tatuz (3sg. impv.), zizeti (3sg. pres. (subj.?)), zizonti (3pl. pres. (subj.?))
- Gaulish: dede (3sg. pret.), da (2sg. impv.)
- Lepontic: 𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tetu)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 265-267
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Darling, Mark (2020) The Subjunctive in Celtic: Studies in Historical Phonology and Morphology[1], University of Cambridge, →DOI, pages 162-164
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221-222
Further reading
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 86