Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷetyeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Matasović finds connecting these Celtic terms to an Indo-European root to be very difficult.[1] Ancient Greek πάσχω (páskhō, “to undergo”)[2] and Lithuanian pakentė́ti[3] have been compared, but suffer from major phonetic incompatibilities.[4]

Verb

*kʷetyeti[2]

  1. to spare, save
  2. to have mercy on

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kʷetyū *kʷetyemam *kʷixtsū *kʷāta
2nd singular *kʷetyesi *kʷetyetās *kʷixtsesi *kʷātas?
3rd singular *kʷetyeti *kʷetyeto *kʷixtseti *kʷāte
1st plural *kʷetyomosi *kʷetyemo *kʷixtsomosi *kʷātmo
2nd plural *kʷetyetesi *kʷetyestē *kʷixtsetesi *kʷāsse
3rd plural *kʷetyonti *kʷetyento *kʷixtsonti *kʷātars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kʷetsū ? —
2nd singular *kʷetsesi ? *kʷetye
3rd singular *kʷetseti ? *kʷetyetou
1st plural *kʷetsomosi ? *kʷetyomos
2nd plural *kʷetsetesi ? *kʷetyete
3rd plural *kʷetsonti ? *kʷetyontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kʷetyūr — *kʷixtsūr *kʷātra
2nd singular *kʷetyetar — *kʷixtsetar *kʷātras?
3rd singular *kʷetyetor ? *kʷixtsetor *kʷātre
1st plural *kʷetyommor — *kʷixtsommor ?
2nd plural *kʷetyedwe — *kʷixtsedwe ?
3rd plural *kʷetyontor ? *kʷixtsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kʷetsūr — —
2nd singular *kʷetsetar — —
3rd singular *kʷetsetor — —
1st plural *kʷetsommor — —
2nd plural *kʷetsedwe — —
3rd plural *kʷetsontor — —
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyonts *kʷetyonte *kʷetyontes
vocative *kʷetyonts *kʷetyonte *kʷetyontes
accusative *kʷetyontam *kʷetyonte *kʷetyontans
genitive *kʷetyantos *? *kʷetyantom
dative *kʷetyantei *kʷetyantbom *kʷetyantbos
instrumental *kʷetyantī? *kʷetyantbim *kʷetyantbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyantī *kʷetyantī *kʷetyantiyās
vocative *kʷetyantī *kʷetyantī *kʷetyantiyās
accusative *kʷetyantīm *kʷetyantī *kʷetyantiyans
genitive *kʷetyantyās *? *kʷetyantyom
dative *kʷetyantyāi *kʷetyantyābom *kʷetyantyābos
instrumental *? *kʷetyantyābim *kʷetyantyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyont *? *kʷetyonta
vocative *kʷetyont *? *kʷetyonta
accusative *kʷetyont *? *kʷetyonta
genitive *kʷetyantos *? *kʷetyantom
dative *kʷetyantei *? *kʷetyantbos
instrumental *kʷetyantī? *? *kʷetyantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyomnos *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnoi
vocative *kʷetyomne *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnoi
accusative *kʷetyomnom *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnons
genitive *kʷetyomnī *kʷetyomnous *kʷetyomnom
dative *kʷetyomnūi *kʷetyomnobom *kʷetyomnobos
instrumental *kʷetyomnū *kʷetyomnobim *kʷetyomnobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyomnā *kʷetyomnai *kʷetyomnās
vocative *kʷetyomnā *kʷetyomnai *kʷetyomnās
accusative *kʷetyomnam *kʷetyomnai *kʷetyomnans
genitive *kʷetyomnās *kʷetyomnous *kʷetyomnom
dative *kʷetyomnai *kʷetyomnābom *kʷetyomnābos
instrumental *? *kʷetyomnābim *kʷetyomnābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷetyomnom *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnā
vocative *kʷetyomnom *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnā
accusative *kʷetyomnom *kʷetyomnou *kʷetyomnā
genitive *kʷetyomnī *kʷetyomnous *kʷetyomnom
dative *kʷetyomnūi *kʷetyomnobom *kʷetyomnobos
instrumental *kʷetyomnū *kʷetyomnobim *kʷetyomnobis
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷessos *kʷessou *kʷessoi
vocative *kʷesse *kʷessou *kʷessoi
accusative *kʷessom *kʷessou *kʷessons
genitive *kʷessī *kʷessous *kʷessom
dative *kʷessūi *kʷessobom *kʷessobos
instrumental *kʷessū *kʷessobim *kʷessobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷessā *kʷessai *kʷessās
vocative *kʷessā *kʷessai *kʷessās
accusative *kʷessam *kʷessai *kʷessans
genitive *kʷessās *kʷessous *kʷessom
dative *kʷessai *kʷessābom *kʷessābos
instrumental *? *kʷessābim *kʷessābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷessom *kʷessou *kʷessā
vocative *kʷessom *kʷessou *kʷessā
accusative *kʷessom *kʷessou *kʷessā
genitive *kʷessī *kʷessous *kʷessom
dative *kʷessūi *kʷessobom *kʷessobos
instrumental *kʷessū *kʷessobim *kʷessobis

Derived terms

  • *ando-kʷetyeti
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • ⇒ Old Cornish: henbidiat (“sparer”)
  • *ɸare-kʷetyeti
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Breton: erbediñ (verb), erbed (noun)
      • Middle Welsh: arbed
  • *kʷess-V-
    • Middle Irish: ces (“debility”)
    • ⇒ Old Irish: ar·cessi (“to pity”)

Descendants

  • Gaulish: petidsiont (3pl. fut.), peti (2sg. imp.)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fare-kʷet-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mees, Bernard (2008) “The Women of Larzac”, in Keltische Forschungen, volume 3, pages 169-188
  3. ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “petidsiont”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 249
  4. ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 180
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