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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Nasal-infix verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).[1]
Verb
*rundeti
- to redden, dye red
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*rundū
|
*rundemam
|
*rirudsū
|
*rīrouda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*rundesi
|
*rundetās
|
*rirudsesi
|
*rīroudas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*rundeti
|
*rundeto
|
*rirudseti
|
*rīroude
|
| 1st plural
|
*rundomosi
|
*rundemo
|
*rirudsomosi
|
*rīroudmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*rundetesi
|
*rundestē
|
*rirudsetesi
|
*rīrousse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*rundonti
|
*rundento
|
*rirudsonti
|
*rīroudars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*routsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*routsesi
|
?
|
*runde
|
| 3rd singular
|
*routseti
|
?
|
*rundetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*routsomosi
|
?
|
*rundomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*routsetesi
|
?
|
*rundete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*routsonti
|
?
|
*rundontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*rundūr
|
—
|
*rirudsūr
|
*rīroudra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*rundetar
|
—
|
*rirudsetar
|
*rīroudras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*rundetor
|
?
|
*rirudsetor
|
*rīroudre
|
| 1st plural
|
*rundommor
|
—
|
*rirudsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*rundedwe
|
—
|
*rirudsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*rundontor
|
?
|
*rirudsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*routsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*routsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*routsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*routsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*routsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*routsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundonts
|
*rundonte
|
*rundontes
|
| vocative
|
*rundonts
|
*rundonte
|
*rundontes
|
| accusative
|
*rundontam
|
*rundonte
|
*rundontans
|
| genitive
|
*rundantos
|
*?
|
*rundantom
|
| dative
|
*rundantei
|
*rundantbom
|
*rundantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*rundantī?
|
*rundantbim
|
*rundantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundantī
|
*rundantī
|
*rundantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*rundantī
|
*rundantī
|
*rundantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*rundantīm
|
*rundantī
|
*rundantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*rundantyās
|
*?
|
*rundantyom
|
| dative
|
*rundantyāi
|
*rundantyābom
|
*rundantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*rundantyābim
|
*rundantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundont
|
*?
|
*rundonta
|
| vocative
|
*rundont
|
*?
|
*rundonta
|
| accusative
|
*rundont
|
*?
|
*rundonta
|
| genitive
|
*rundantos
|
*?
|
*rundantom
|
| dative
|
*rundantei
|
*?
|
*rundantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*rundantī?
|
*?
|
*rundantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundomnos
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*rundomne
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*rundomnom
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnons
|
| genitive
|
*rundomnī
|
*rundomnous
|
*rundomnom
|
| dative
|
*rundomnūi
|
*rundomnobom
|
*rundomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*rundomnū
|
*rundomnobim
|
*rundomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundomnā
|
*rundomnai
|
*rundomnās
|
| vocative
|
*rundomnā
|
*rundomnai
|
*rundomnās
|
| accusative
|
*rundomnam
|
*rundomnai
|
*rundomnans
|
| genitive
|
*rundomnās
|
*rundomnous
|
*rundomnom
|
| dative
|
*rundomnai
|
*rundomnābom
|
*rundomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*rundomnābim
|
*rundomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rundomnom
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnā
|
| vocative
|
*rundomnom
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnā
|
| accusative
|
*rundomnom
|
*rundomnou
|
*rundomnā
|
| genitive
|
*rundomnī
|
*rundomnous
|
*rundomnom
|
| dative
|
*rundomnūi
|
*rundomnobom
|
*rundomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*rundomnū
|
*rundomnobim
|
*rundomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*russos
|
*russou
|
*russoi
|
| vocative
|
*russe
|
*russou
|
*russoi
|
| accusative
|
*russom
|
*russou
|
*russons
|
| genitive
|
*russī
|
*russous
|
*russom
|
| dative
|
*russūi
|
*russobom
|
*russobos
|
| instrumental
|
*russū
|
*russobim
|
*russobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*russā
|
*russai
|
*russās
|
| vocative
|
*russā
|
*russai
|
*russās
|
| accusative
|
*russam
|
*russai
|
*russans
|
| genitive
|
*russās
|
*russous
|
*russom
|
| dative
|
*russai
|
*russābom
|
*russābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*russābim
|
*russābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*russom
|
*russou
|
*russā
|
| vocative
|
*russom
|
*russou
|
*russā
|
| accusative
|
*russom
|
*russou
|
*russā
|
| genitive
|
*russī
|
*russous
|
*russom
|
| dative
|
*russūi
|
*russobom
|
*russobos
|
| instrumental
|
*russū
|
*russobim
|
*russobis
|
Descendants
- Old Irish: rondaid, ⇒ fo·roind (verbs), ruisse (from past participle)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ru-n-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 317