Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwīnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (to decline, perish). According to Kroonen the development of the initial consonant cluster was unstable, leading to the doublets *dwīnaną and *swīnaną.[1]

An older hypothesis compares Ancient Greek σῑ́νομαι (sī́nomai, to damage, injure, devastate, plunder), itself of disputed origin.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈθwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þwīnaną[1][2]

  1. to dwindle, to disappear

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *þwīnō *þwīnaų *þwīnai ?
2nd singular *þwīnizi *þwīnaiz *þwīn *þwīnazai *þwīnaizau
3rd singular *þwīnidi *þwīnai *þwīnadau *þwīnadai *þwīnaidau
1st dual *þwīnōz *þwīnaiw
2nd dual *þwīnadiz *þwīnaidiz *þwīnadiz
1st plural *þwīnamaz *þwīnaim *þwīnandai *þwīnaindau
2nd plural *þwīnid *þwīnaid *þwīnid *þwīnandai *þwīnaindau
3rd plural *þwīnandi *þwīnain *þwīnandau *þwīnandai *þwīnaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *þwain *þwinį̄
2nd singular *þwaint *þwinīz
3rd singular *þwain *þwinī
1st dual *þwinū *þwinīw
2nd dual *þwinudiz *þwinīdiz
1st plural *þwinum *þwinīm
2nd plural *þwinud *þwinīd
3rd plural *þwinun *þwinīn
present past
participles *þwīnandz *þwinanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *þwīnan
    • Old English: þwīnan
  • Old Norse: þvína
    • Swedish: tvina
    • Danish: tvine

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þwīnan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432