Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwīnaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”). According to Kroonen the development of the initial consonant cluster was unstable, leading to the doublets *dwīnaną and *swīnaną.[1]
An older hypothesis compares Ancient Greek σῑ́νομαι (sī́nomai, “to damage, injure, devastate, plunder”), itself of disputed origin.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈθwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *þwīnō | *þwīnaų | — | *þwīnai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *þwīnizi | *þwīnaiz | *þwīn | *þwīnazai | *þwīnaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *þwīnidi | *þwīnai | *þwīnadau | *þwīnadai | *þwīnaidau | |
| 1st dual | *þwīnōz | *þwīnaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *þwīnadiz | *þwīnaidiz | *þwīnadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *þwīnamaz | *þwīnaim | — | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *þwīnid | *þwīnaid | *þwīnid | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *þwīnandi | *þwīnain | *þwīnandau | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *þwain | *þwinį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *þwaint | *þwinīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *þwain | *þwinī | ||||
| 1st dual | *þwinū | *þwinīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *þwinudiz | *þwinīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *þwinum | *þwinīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *þwinud | *þwinīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *þwinun | *þwinīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *þwīnandz | *þwinanaz | ||||
Descendants
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þwīnan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432