Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūdarą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*eudarą,^[1] *eudrą, (originally?) *eudur^[2]
*ūdrą^[2]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éwHdʰr̥, *h₁uHdʰ-n- (“udder”), a paradigmatic variant of *h₁ówHdʰr̥; either reflecting different thematicized derivatives thereof or, according Kroonen, inherited with the ablaut intact (see §Inflection below) but with leveling of the *-r- throughout, with a possible athematic form in *-ur (< PIE *-r̥) having survived long enough to account for the North Germanic reflexes. Cognate with Latin ūber, Sanskrit ऊधर् (ū́dhar).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/

Noun

*ūdarą n^[3]

udder

Inflection

According to Kroonen, this term was a heteroclitic and amphikinetic r/n-stem akin to *watōr. *watōr retained its r/n alternation while discarding its amphikinetic root vowel alternation, while this term did the opposite — it retained amphikinetic root vowel status but lost its r/n alternation. However, Kroonen reconstructs a proterokinetic neuter athematic ending for the nominative singular, resulting in nominative singular *eudur and an oblique stem *ūdr-.

Declension of *ūdarą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*ūdarą	*ūdarō
vocative	*ūdarą	*ūdarō
accusative	*ūdarą	*ūdarō
genitive	ūdaras, ūdaris	*ūdarǫ̂
dative	*ūdarai	*ūdaramaz
instrumental	*ūdarō	*ūdaramiz

Related terms

*audanaz (“granted”) (possibly)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *eudr, *ūd(a)r
- Old English: ūder
  - Middle English: udder, uddyr, iddyr
    - English: udder
    - Scots: udder, uther, ether
- Old Frisian: ūder, jāder
  - Saterland Frisian: Jadder, Jader (Skäddel, Strukelje)
  - West Frisian: jaar
- Old Saxon: ūder, ioder, ieder, geder
  - Middle Low German: ûder, jeder
    - German Low German: Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder
    - Dutch Low Saxon:
      - → Dutch: jadder m or n
- Old Dutch: *ūdar
  - Middle Dutch: uder, uyder, uider m
    - Dutch: uier
      - Afrikaans: uier
- Old High German: ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro, *iutir
  - Middle High German: ūter, iuter m or n
    - Cimbrian: autar n
    - German: Euter n
    - Luxembourgish: Auder m
Old Norse: *júðr, júgr, júr (< *eudur)
- Icelandic: júgur
- Faroese: júgur
- Norwegian: jur
- Old Swedish: iūgher, iūver
  - Swedish: juver
- Old Danish: *iūghær
  - Danish: yver
- Elfdalian: juor
- Gutnish: jaur
- Scanian: ýr
- → Middle English: ȝowre
  - → Scots: ure, ewer
  - → English: ewer, yure (dialectal)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*euđaran”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*eudra- ~ *ūdra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ūđaran”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 436

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*euđaran”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*eudra- ~ *ūdra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ūđaran”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 436

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