Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bibāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, to be afraid”).^[1] Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bajā́ˀtei (“to fear, be afraid”), Sanskrit बिभाय (bibhā́ya, “to fear”), Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, “to be afraid”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbi.βɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bibāną^[1]^[2]

to tremble, quake, shiver

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 3)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*bibō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*bibaisi	?	*bibai	*bibāsai	?
3rd singular	*bibaiþi	?	*bibāþau	*bibāþai	?
1st dual	*bibōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bibāþiz	?	*bibāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*bibāmaz	?	—	*bibānþai	?
2nd plural	*bibaiþ	?	*bibaiþ	*bibānþai	?
3rd plural	*bibānþi	?	*bibānþau	*bibānþai	?

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bibadǭ	*bibadēdį̄
2nd singular	*bibadēz	*bibadēdīz
3rd singular	*bibadē	*bibadēdī
1st dual	*bibadēdū	*bibadēdīw
2nd dual	*bibadēdudiz	*bibadēdīdiz
1st plural	*bibadēdum	*bibadēdīm
2nd plural	*bibadēdud	*bibadēdīd
3rd plural	*bibadēdun	*bibadēdīn

	present	past
participles	*bibāndz	*bibadaz

Related terms

*bubjaną (“to tremble one's voice, murmur”)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *bibēn
- Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
  - Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien, befien, byfien (Early Middle English)
    - ⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
      - English: bever, bibber (Irish)
      - Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
      - Yola: bebber
- Old Frisian: bivia
  - North Frisian: bevern
  - Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
  - West Frisian: beevje
- Old Saxon: bivon
  - Middle Low German: bēven
    - German Low German: beven
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
      - German Low German: bibbern
        → German: bibbern
- Old Dutch: *bevon
  - Middle Dutch: bēven
    - Dutch: beven
      - Afrikaans: bewe
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
      - Negerhollands: beev, beeven
      - → Aukan: beifi
      - → Sranan Tongo: beifi
- Old High German: bibēn
  - Middle High German: biben
    - Cimbrian: böoban
    - German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
    - Luxembourgish: biewen
Old Norse: bifa
- Icelandic: bifa
- Faroese: biva
- Swedish: bäva (possibly from Middle Low German)
- Norwegian Bokmål: beve
- Norwegian Nynorsk: biva
- Danish: bæve (possibly from Middle Low German)
- ⇒ Old Norse: bifra
  - Icelandic: bifra
  - Norwegian Bokmål: bevre
  - Danish: bævre

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bibēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*bibōjan ~ *bibēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 45

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bibēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*bibōjan ~ *bibēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 45

[1]

[2]