Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/breutaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Related to, perhaps via back-formation, to *brutōną (“to bud”),^[1] itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd- (“to bud”), which Kroonen compares to Latin frōns (“foliage, leaves”).^[2] Others have compared the word to Old East Slavic бръснути (brŭsnuti, “rake”), Old English brȳsan (“to break”), Latin frustum (“piece, crumb”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Whether the intransitive counterpart *breuþaną is related is unclear.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbreu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*breutaną^[1]^[3]

to destroy, crush, break

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*breutō	*breutaų	—	*breutai	?
2nd singular	*briutizi	*breutaiz	*breut	*breutazai	*breutaizau
3rd singular	*briutidi	*breutai	*breutadau	*breutadai	*breutaidau
1st dual	*breutōz	*breutaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*breutadiz	*breutaidiz	*breutadiz	—	—
1st plural	*breutamaz	*breutaim	—	*breutandai	*breutaindau
2nd plural	*briutid	*breutaid	*briutid	*breutandai	*breutaindau
3rd plural	*breutandi	*breutain	*breutandau	*breutandai	*breutaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*braut	*brutį̄
2nd singular	*braust	*brutīz
3rd singular	*braut	*brutī
1st dual	*brutū	*brutīw
2nd dual	*brutudiz	*brutīdiz
1st plural	*brutum	*brutīm
2nd plural	*brutud	*brutīd
3rd plural	*brutun	*brutīn

	present	past
participles	*breutandz	*brutanaz

Related terms

*brautaną
*brautijaną
*brutōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *breutan
- Old English: brēotan
  - Middle English: breten
- Old High German: *briozan
  - Middle High German: briezen
Proto-Norse: ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /⁠bᵃriutiþ⁠/), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /⁠bᵃrȳtʀ⁠/)
- Old Norse: brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti) — Runic form, 3rd singular present subjunctive
  - Icelandic: brjóta
  - Faroese: bróta
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: brjota, bryta
  - Jamtish: brǿte
  - Elfdalian: briuota
  - Old Swedish: brȳta
    - Swedish: bryta
  - Old Danish: brȳtæ
    - Danish: bryde
      - Norwegian Bokmål: bryte
    - Scanian: brýda
  - Gutnish: braute
Suevic or Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*briutan) (based on evidence from loanwords)
- → Galician: britar
- → Portuguese: britar

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*breutan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brut(t)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*breutanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 56

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*breutan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brut(t)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*breutanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 56

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