Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreuganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).[1]

Verb

*dreuganą[1][2]

  2. to mislead, deceive
Inflection
Conjugation of (strong class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *dreugō *dreugaų — *dreugai ?
2nd singular *driugizi *dreugaiz *dreug *dreugazai *dreugaizau
3rd singular *driugidi *dreugai *dreugadau *dreugadai *dreugaidau
1st dual *dreugōz *dreugaiw — — —
2nd dual *dreugadiz *dreugaidiz *dreugadiz — —
1st plural *dreugamaz *dreugaim — *dreugandai *dreugaindau
2nd plural *driugid *dreugaid *driugid *dreugandai *dreugaindau
3rd plural *dreugandi *dreugain *dreugandau *dreugandai *dreugaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *draug *drugį̄
2nd singular *drauht *drugīz
3rd singular *draug *drugī
1st dual *drugū *drugīw
2nd dual *drugudiz *drugīdiz
1st plural *drugum *drugīm
2nd plural *drugud *drugīd
3rd plural *drugun *drugīn
present past
participles *dreugandz *druganaz
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
    • Old Frisian: driāga
      • Saterland Frisian: drjooge
    • Old Saxon: driogan
    • Old Dutch: *driegan
    • Old High German: triogan

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).[3]

Verb

*dreuganą[3][2]

  2. to serve, to be a retainer
Inflection
Conjugation of (strong class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *dreugō *dreugaų — *dreugai ?
2nd singular *driugizi *dreugaiz *dreug *dreugazai *dreugaizau
3rd singular *driugidi *dreugai *dreugadau *dreugadai *dreugaidau
1st dual *dreugōz *dreugaiw — — —
2nd dual *dreugadiz *dreugaidiz *dreugadiz — —
1st plural *dreugamaz *dreugaim — *dreugandai *dreugaindau
2nd plural *driugid *dreugaid *driugid *dreugandai *dreugaindau
3rd plural *dreugandi *dreugain *dreugandau *dreugandai *dreugaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *draug *drugį̄
2nd singular *drauht *drugīz
3rd singular *draug *drugī
1st dual *drugū *drugīw
2nd dual *drugudiz *drugīdiz
1st plural *drugum *drugīm
2nd plural *drugud *drugīd
3rd plural *drugun *drugīn
present past
participles *dreugandz *druganaz
Derived terms
Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dreugan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*dreuganan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 75-76
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dreugan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
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