Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/draugaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Derived from *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdrɑu̯.ɣɑz/

Noun

*draugaz m

(North Germanic) based on cognates: phantom (mirage), ghost, revenant and thereof; potentially demon, troll, ghoul etc

Inflection

Declension of *draugaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*draugaz	draugōz, draugōs
vocative	*draug	draugōz, draugōs
accusative	*draugą	*drauganz
genitive	draugas, draugis	*draugǫ̂
dative	*draugai	*draugamaz
instrumental	*draugō	*draugamiz

Related terms

*drugą

Descendants

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)
- Old Norse: draugr
  - Faroese: dreygur
  - Icelandic: draugur
  - Norn: (unattested) drog
    - Scots: drow, trow (effected by troll (troll))
      - English: drow
  - Norwegian: draug, drøg, drog, drauv, drøv, drov
  - Old Danish: drog
  - Old Swedish: *drøgher
    - Swedish: drög, dröger (dialectal, archaic)
  - Swedish: (regional surviving ON-form, obsolete) draugr m
  - → Danish: drauge, dravge (learned)
  - → English: draugr, draug (learned)
    - → English: Draugr
  - → Swedish: draug (learned)
- →? Proto-Finnic: *raukka (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Samic: *rāvkë (see there for further descendants)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN