Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gapōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to gape, be wide open”), closely related to *gabbōną (“to joke, to mock”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gapōną^[1]^[2]

to gape, to yawn
to gaze, to observe

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gapō	*gapǭ	—	*gapōi	?
2nd singular	*gapōsi	*gapōs	*gapō	*gapōsai	*gapōsau
3rd singular	*gapōþi	*gapō	*gapōþau	*gapōþai	*gapōþau
1st dual	*gapōs	*gapōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gapōþiz	*gapōþiz	*gapōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gapōmaz	*gapōm	—	*gapōnþai	*gapōnþau
2nd plural	*gapōþ	*gapōþ	*gapōþ	*gapōnþai	*gapōnþau
3rd plural	*gapōnþi	*gapōn	*gapōnþau	*gapōnþai	*gapōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gapōdǭ	*gapōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*gapōdēz	*gapōdēdīz
3rd singular	*gapōdē	*gapōdēdī
1st dual	*gapōdēdū	*gapōdēdīw
2nd dual	*gapōdēdudiz	*gapōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*gapōdēdum	*gapōdēdīm
2nd plural	*gapōdēdud	*gapōdēdīd
3rd plural	*gapōdēdun	*gapōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*gapōndz	*gapōdaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gapōn
- Old English: *gapian
  - ⇒ Old English: ofergapian
  - Middle English: gapen (Possibly from Old Norse)
    - English: gape
- Old Frisian: *gapia
  - West Frisian: gapje
- Old Saxon: *gapōn
  - Middle Low German: gapen
- Old Dutch: gapon
  - Middle Dutch: gāpen
    - Dutch: gapen
      - Afrikaans: gaap
- Old High German: *gaffōn
  - Middle High German: gaffen
    - German: gaffen
Old Norse: gapa
- → Middle English: gapen
  - English: gape
- Icelandic: gapa
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gape
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: gapa, gape
- Swedish: gapa

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒapōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gapp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 169: “*gapōn-”

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒapōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gapp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 169: “*gapōn-”

[1]

[2]