Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haisaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*haisraz, *hairsaz

Etymology

Unknown.^[1] The forms in *-r- are difficult to explain; they may be from the addition of *-raz with metathesis (Kroonen, Orel) or conflation with *hairaz (Orel). Kroonen speculatively connects it with Albanian kirrem (“to become hoarse”), for Proto-Indo-European *keys-, *kis-r-, but adds that the Germanic words may all derive from *hissōną (“to hiss”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin.^[2] Compare *hwistlōną (“to whistle”) for a similar (but formally unrelated) onomatopoeic root.

Adjective

*haisaz

hoarse

Declension

Declension of *haisaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*haisaz	*haisō	haisą, -at(ō)	*haisai	*haisôz	*haisō
accusative	*haisanǭ	*haisǭ	haisą, -at(ō)	*haisanz	*haisōz	*haisō
genitive	haisas, haisis	*haisaizōz	haisas, haisis	*haisaizǫ̂	*haisaizǫ̂	*haisaizǫ̂
dative	*haisammai	*haisaizōi	*haisammai	*haisaimaz	*haisaimaz	*haisaimaz
instrumental	*haisanō	*haisaizō	*haisanō	*haisaimiz	*haisaimiz	*haisaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*haisô	*haisǭ	*haisô	*haisaniz	*haisōniz	*haisōnō
accusative	*haisanų	*haisōnų	*haisô	*haisanunz	*haisōnunz	*haisōnō
genitive	*haisiniz	*haisōniz	*haisiniz	*haisanǫ̂	*haisōnǫ̂	*haisanǫ̂
dative	*haisini	*haisōni	*haisini	*haisammaz	*haisōmaz	*haisammaz
instrumental	*haisinē	*haisōnē	*haisinē	*haisammiz	*haisōmiz	*haisammiz

Derived terms

*haisį̄

Descendants

Old English: hās, *hārs
- Middle English: hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse
  - English: hoarse
  - Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise
Old Frisian: *hās
- West Frisian: heas
Old Dutch: hēs, heis, *hērs
- Middle Dutch: hêes, heis, *hêers
  - ⇒ Middle Dutch: hêesc, hêesch, hêersch
    - Dutch: hees (conflated with hêes)
      - Afrikaans: hees
Old Saxon: hēs, *heis
- Middle Low German: hēes, heis
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: hēsch, heisch
    - Low German: heesch
Old High German: heis, heisar
- ⇒ Old High German: heisi
  - Middle High German: heise
- Middle High German: heis, heiser, heisch, heischer
  - German: heiser
  - Luxembourgish: hees
Old Norse: háss, heiss
- Old Danish: hees
  - Danish: hæs
- Elfdalian: įes
- Faroese: hásur
- Icelandic: hás
- Jamtish: hás
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: hås
  - Norwegian Bokmål: hes, hås
- Old Swedish: hes
  - Swedish: hes

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xaisaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hairsa- ~ *haisra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 201–202

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xaisaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hairsa- ~ *haisra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 201–202

[1]

[2]