Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Apparently from a pre-Germanic *kolp-ó-s, of unclear further origin.[1] Possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut”) (through a sense “divided”), and cognate with Sanskrit कॢप् (kḷp, “to manage, succeed, be fit”) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap[note 1]),[2] or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian šali̇̀s (“side, strip of land”).[3] Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (“cheap, reduced”) (compare Finnish halpa (“cheap”), Estonian halb (“bad”)),[4] itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“sallow, dirty”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑl.βɑz/

Adjective

*halbaz

  1. half
    Synonyms: *sēmi-, *twaidijaz

Inflection

Declension of *halbaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *halbaz *halbō *halbą, -atō *halbai *halbôz *halbō
accusative *halbanǭ *halbǭ *halbą, -atō *halbanz *halbōz *halbō
genitive *halbas, -is *halbaizōz *halbas, -is *halbaizǫ̂ *halbaizǫ̂ *halbaizǫ̂
dative *halbammai *halbaizōi *halbammai *halbaimaz *halbaimaz *halbaimaz
instrumental *halbanō *halbaizō *halbanō *halbaimiz *halbaimiz *halbaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *halbô *halbǭ *halbô *halbaniz *halbōniz *halbōnō
accusative *halbanų *halbōnų *halbô *halbanunz *halbōnunz *halbōnō
genitive *halbiniz *halbōniz *halbiniz *halbanǫ̂ *halbōnǫ̂ *halbanǫ̂
dative *halbini *halbōni *halbini *halbammaz *halbōmaz *halbammaz
instrumental *halbinē *halbōnē *halbinē *halbammiz *halbōmiz *halbammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Notes

  1. ^ However, compare Sanskrit कल्पयति (kalpayati, “to trim, cut”), the semantics of which may be closer.

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*halba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 204
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xalƀaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
  3. ^ American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots
  4. ^ Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (PhD. dissertation)‎[3], Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, pages 103–105
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