Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/karm(i)

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *ǵ(h₂)or-m-(i-), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry, shout”).^[1] Cognate with Proto-Celtic *garman (“call, cry, shout; summoning”, noun) (Old Irish gairm, Middle Welsh garm), which rather reflects *ǵh₂r̥-(s)mn̥.^[2]

Noun

*karm(i) m

cry, call, shout; lament
noise, sound; alarm

Inflection

a-stem

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*karm
Genitive	*karmas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*karm	karmō, karmōs
Accusative	*karm	*karmā
Genitive	*karmas	*karmō
Dative	*karmē	*karmum
Instrumental	*karmu	*karmum

i-stem

i-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*karmi
Genitive	*karmī
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*karmi	*karmī
Accusative	*karmi	*karmī
Genitive	*karmī	*karmijō
Dative	*karmī	karmim, karmijum
Instrumental	*karmī	karmim, karmijum

Derived terms

Proto-West Germanic: *karmōn (from the a-stem noun)
Proto-West Germanic: *karmijan (perhaps from the i-stem noun)

Descendants

Old English: ċierm (< *karmi); ċearm (< *karm)
- Middle English: chirm, charme, cherme, chirme (Late Middle English)
  - English: chirm, churm; charm, jarm
  - Scots: chirm, churme
Old Saxon: karm (< *karm)
Old Dutch: *kermi (< *karmi)
- Middle Dutch: kerme f

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*karm(j)az”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 210
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gar(r)man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 152