Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiþaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (“abhorrence, loath”), from *h₂leyt- (“to do something hateful, abhorrent”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (“abhorrence”) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (“loathing, disgust”)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, “sinful, wicked”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈlɑi̯.θɑz/

Adjective

*laiþaz

  1. loath; loathsome; disgusting
  2. unwilling; averse; reluctant
  3. offensive; hostile; hateful
  4. grievous; sweer; sad; sorry

Inflection

Declension of *laiþaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *laiþaz *laiþō *laiþą, -atō *laiþai *laiþôz *laiþō
accusative *laiþanǭ *laiþǭ *laiþą, -atō *laiþanz *laiþōz *laiþō
genitive *laiþas, -is *laiþaizōz *laiþas, -is *laiþaizǫ̂ *laiþaizǫ̂ *laiþaizǫ̂
dative *laiþammai *laiþaizōi *laiþammai *laiþaimaz *laiþaimaz *laiþaimaz
instrumental *laiþanō *laiþaizō *laiþanō *laiþaimiz *laiþaimiz *laiþaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *laiþô *laiþǭ *laiþô *laiþaniz *laiþōniz *laiþōnō
accusative *laiþanų *laiþōnų *laiþô *laiþanunz *laiþōnunz *laiþōnō
genitive *laiþiniz *laiþōniz *laiþiniz *laiþanǫ̂ *laiþōnǫ̂ *laiþanǫ̂
dative *laiþini *laiþōni *laiþini *laiþammaz *laiþōmaz *laiþammaz
instrumental *laiþinē *laiþōnē *laiþinē *laiþammiz *laiþōmiz *laiþammiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *laiþ
    • Old English: lāþ
      • Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
    • Old Frisian: lēth
    • Old Saxon: lēth
      • Middle Low German: lêt, leit
        • Low German:
          • Westphalian:
            Münsterländisch: leed
            Westmünsterländisch: leed
    • Old Dutch: lēth
    • Old High German: leid
    • → Vulgar Latin: *laidum (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Norse: leiðr

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*laiþaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 233-4
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