Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lifnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *lībaną (“to remain”) +‎ *-naną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈliɸ.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*lifnaną^[1]

to remain, to be left

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*lifnō	*lifnaų	—	—	—
2nd singular	*lifnōsi	*lifnais	*lifnō	—	—
3rd singular	*lifnōþi	*lifnai	*lifnōþau	—	—
1st dual	*lifnōs	*lifnaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*lifnaþiz	*lifnaiþiz	*lifnaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*lifnamaz	*lifnaim	—	—	—
2nd plural	*lifnaþ	*lifnaiþ	*lifnaþ	—	—
3rd plural	*lifnanþi	*lifnain	*lifnanþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*lifnōdǭ	*lifnōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*lifnōdēz	*lifnōdēdīz
3rd singular	*lifnōdē	*lifnōdēdī
1st dual	*lifnōdēdū	*lifnōdēdīw
2nd dual	*lifnōdēdudiz	*lifnōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*lifnōdēdum	*lifnōdēdīm
2nd plural	*lifnōdēdud	*lifnōdēdīd
3rd plural	*lifnōdēdun	*lifnōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*lifnandz	—

Related terms

Descendants

Old Norse: lifna
- Icelandic: lifna (“to be left”) (obsolete)
- Norwegian Bokmål: livne
- Old Swedish: limna, lifna
  - lämna (“to leave”)
- Old Danish: leffnæ
  - Danish: levne (“to leave”)
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: levne
Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*lifnan)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflifnan, “to remain”)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lifnōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 245

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lifnōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 245

[1]