Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ne

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

  • *ni (unstressed)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”).[1]

Pronunciation

Particle

*ne[2]

  1. not

Usage notes

  • This word was a general negation particle, and always preceded the word that it negated. If a verb with an adverbial prefix needed to be negated, the word was normally inserted between the prefix and the main verb stem.

Derived terms

Descendants

This word does not survive in its original use in any modern language. Over time it usually became strengthened by other words, creating phrases such as "never", "not at all" or "not a thing". Eventually these phrases became the normal way of negating phrases, and this word fell into disuse. See Jespersen's Cycle on Wikipedia for more.

  • Proto-West Germanic:
    • Old English: ne
      • Middle English: ne, ny, ni (rare)
        • English: ne (obsolete)
        • Scots: ne (obsolete)
    • Old Frisian: ne, ni
    • Old Saxon: ne, ni
      • Middle Low German: ne, en
    • Old Dutch: ne, ne-
      • Middle Dutch: ne
        • Dutch: n- (prefix)
    • Old High German: ni, ne
      • Middle High German: ne
        • German: nee (dialectal)
  • Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁ (ni) (unstressed)
  • Gothic: 𐌽𐌹 (ni)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ne”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 385
  2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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