Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/niwjōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Related to *niwjaz (“new”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈniu̯.jɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*niwjōną

to renew, to make new

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*niwjō	*niwjǭ	—	*niwjōi	?
2nd singular	*niwjōsi	*niwjōs	*niwjō	*niwjōsai	*niwjōsau
3rd singular	*niwjōþi	*niwjō	*niwjōþau	*niwjōþai	*niwjōþau
1st dual	*niwjōs	*niwjōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*niwjōþiz	*niwjōþiz	*niwjōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*niwjōmaz	*niwjōm	—	*niwjōnþai	*niwjōnþau
2nd plural	*niwjōþ	*niwjōþ	*niwjōþ	*niwjōnþai	*niwjōnþau
3rd plural	*niwjōnþi	*niwjōn	*niwjōnþau	*niwjōnþai	*niwjōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*niwjōdǭ	*niwjōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*niwjōdēz	*niwjōdēdīz
3rd singular	*niwjōdē	*niwjōdēdī
1st dual	*niwjōdēdū	*niwjōdēdīw
2nd dual	*niwjōdēdudiz	*niwjōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*niwjōdēdum	*niwjōdēdīm
2nd plural	*niwjōdēdud	*niwjōdēdīd
3rd plural	*niwjōdēdun	*niwjōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*niwjōndz	*niwjōdaz

Alternative reconstructions

*newwōną^[1]

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *niuwjōn
- Old English: nīewian, nīwian, nēowian, nīwiġan
  - Middle English: newen
    - English: new
    - Scots: neu, new
    - ⇒ Middle English: anewen
    - ⇒ Middle English: renewen
      - English: renew
      - Scots: renew
- Old Frisian: nīa
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: fornīa
    - Saterland Frisian: fernäije
    - West Frisian: fernije
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: urnīa
- Old Saxon: *niuwōn
  - Middle Low German: nü̂wen, nîgen, nîen
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: vörnîen, vornîen, vorniegen, vornigen, vorniggen, vernîen
      - German Low German: vernejen, vernien, verneen
      - ⇒ Middle Low German: vörnîeren, vörnü̂weren
- Old Dutch: *niuwon
  - Middle Dutch: niewen
    - Dutch: nieuwen (dialectal)
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: verniewen, verniën
      - Dutch: vernieuwen
- Old High German: niuwōn
  - Middle High German: niuwen
    - German: neuen (archaic)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: verniuwen, verniun, vernūen, vernūwen, vernuowen, ferniuwen
      - German: verneuen (archaic)
      - ⇒ Middle High German: verniuweren, verniuwern, ferniuwern
        German: verneuern (archaic)
  - ⇒ Old High German: irniuwōn
    - Middle High German: erniuwen, irniuwen, erniuen, irniuen, ernūwen, irnūwen
      - German: erneuen (archaic)
      - ⇒ Middle High German: erniuweren, erniuwern, irniuwern, ernūwern, irwūwern
        German: erneuern
Old Norse: nýja
- Icelandic: nýja

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*neuwōjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*neuwōjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285

[1]