Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/risiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*wrisiz^[1]
*wrisjaz^[2]
*wrisjǭ^[3]

Etymology

Unknown.^[2] Possibly a zero-grade derivative of *rīsaną (“to scale, rise”).^[1]

On the basis of Old Dutch wrisil (“hero”) and Old Saxon wrisilīk (“gigantic”), this form is sometimes reconstructed as *wrisi-, and then either from Proto-Indo-European *wreyh₁- (thus related to Ancient Greek ῥίον (rhíon, “peak, summit”),^[3] and perhaps Tocharian A ri, Tocharian B rye (“city, town”), Thracian βρία (bría, “city, wall”)),^[4] or from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“hill, top”)^[5] (perhaps whence Latin verrūca (“wart; hillock”), Sanskrit वर्स्मन् (vársman, “height, top”), Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ (“top”)). However, this derivation is problematic as there is no sign of an initial cluster wr- in any of the descendants that otherwise preserve it (northern West Germanic and Old East Norse).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈri.siz/

Noun

*risiz m^[1]

a giant

Inflection

Declension of *risiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*risiz	*risīz
vocative	*risi	*risīz
accusative	*risį	*risinz
genitive	*risīz	*risjǫ̂
dative	*risī	*risimaz
instrumental	*risī	*risimiz

Synonyms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *risi, *wrisi
- Old Frisian: *rise
  - Saterland Frisian: Riese
  - West Frisian: reis
- Old Saxon: *risi, *wrisi
  - Middle Low German: rêse
    - German Low German:
      Bentheimisch: Ries
      Westmünsterländisch: Riese
  - ⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīk (“giant”, adjective)
  - ⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīko (“gigantic”, adverb)
- Old Dutch: *risi
  - Middle Dutch: rêse, rôse, ruese
    - Dutch: reus
      - Afrikaans: reus
      - → West Frisian: reus
- Old High German: risi
  - Middle High German: rise
    - German: Riese
    - Luxembourgish: Ris
Old Norse: risi
- Icelandic: risi
- Faroese: risi
- Norwegian: rise
- Old Swedish: rise
  - Swedish: rese
- Danish: rise

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “reus”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Riese¹”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 600
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrisjōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Frisk, Hjalmar (1960) “ῥίον”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 658
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯er-s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1151

[EWN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “reus”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[EWddS-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Riese¹”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 600

[HGE-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrisjōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Frisk, Hjalmar (1960) “ῥίον”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 658

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯er-s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1151

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