Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rukkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hrukkaz

Etymology

See *hrukkaz, which Kroonen considers the correct reconstruction, in light of forms such as Medieval Latin hrocus (whence modern terms like English frock).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈruk.kɑz/

Noun

*rukkaz m

a robe; jacket; skirt; tunic

Inflection

Declension of *rukkaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*rukkaz	rukkōz, rukkōs
vocative	*rukk	rukkōz, rukkōs
accusative	*rukką	*rukkanz
genitive	rukkas, rukkis	*rukkǫ̂
dative	*rukkai	*rukkamaz
instrumental	*rukkō	*rukkamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *(h)rokk
- Old English: rocc, roc
  - Middle English: roc
- Old Frisian: rokk
  - Saterland Frisian: Rok
  - West Frisian: rôk, rok
- Old Saxon: *hrokk, *hrok, *rokk, rok
  - Middle Low German: rock
    - Low German: Rock
    - German Low German: Rock
    - Plautdietsch: Rock
- Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok
  - Middle Dutch: roc
    - Dutch: rok
      - Afrikaans: rok
      - → Indonesian: rok
- → Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus
  - → Old French: froc, rochet, roquet
    - French: froc, rochet
    - → English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)
      - → French: frac
        → Dutch: frak (dialectal)
        
        → German: Frack
        
        → Swedish: frack
        
        → Danish: frakke
        → Faroese: frakki
      - → Spanish: roquete
      - → Portuguese: roquete
      - → Italian: rocchetto, roccetto
- Old High German: hroch, rocch, roch, roc
  - Middle High German: roc
    - German: Rock
    - Luxembourgish: Rack
Old Norse: rokkr
- Icelandic: rokkur
- Faroese: rokkur
- Old Swedish: rokker
  - Swedish: rock
- Danish: rok
→ Proto-Finnic: *rukka (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrukka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 250-1
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*rukkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 308

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrukka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 250-1

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*rukkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 308

[1]

[2]