Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sadaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂-tó-s, from *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”), related to Latin satis (“enough”).^[1] Despite Kroonen, not related to Old Armenian հաճ (hač, “satisfied”), which instead stems from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑ.ðɑz/

Adjective

*sadaz

full, sated

Inflection

Declension of *sadaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sadaz	*sadō	*sadą, -atō	*sadai	*sadôz	*sadō
accusative	*sadanǭ	*sadǭ	*sadą, -atō	*sadanz	*sadōz	*sadō
genitive	*sadas, -is	*sadaizōz	*sadas, -is	*sadaizǫ̂	*sadaizǫ̂	*sadaizǫ̂
dative	*sadammai	*sadaizōi	*sadammai	*sadaimaz	*sadaimaz	*sadaimaz
instrumental	*sadanō	*sadaizō	*sadanō	*sadaimiz	*sadaimiz	*sadaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sadô	*sadǭ	*sadô	*sadaniz	*sadōniz	*sadōnō
accusative	*sadanų	*sadōnų	*sadô	*sadanunz	*sadōnunz	*sadōnō
genitive	*sadiniz	*sadōniz	*sadiniz	*sadanǫ̂	*sadōnǫ̂	*sadanǫ̂
dative	*sadini	*sadōni	*sadini	*sadammaz	*sadōmaz	*sadammaz
instrumental	*sadinē	*sadōnē	*sadinē	*sadammiz	*sadōmiz	*sadammiz

Derived terms

*sadjaną
*sadį̄

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sad
- Old English: sæd
  - Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed, sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
    - English: sad
    - Scots: sad
    - → Welsh: sad
- Old Frisian: *sed
  - Saterland Frisian: sääd
  - West Frisian: sêd
- Old Saxon: sad
  - Middle Low German: sat
    - German Low German: satt
- Old Dutch: sad, sat
  - Middle Dutch: sat
    - Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)
      - Afrikaans: sat
- Old High German: sat
  - Middle High German: sat
    - German: satt
    - Luxembourgish: sat
    - Yiddish: זאַט (zat)
Old Norse: saðr
- Icelandic: saður
- Faroese: saður
- Norwegian: sad
- Danish: sat
Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419

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