Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sagjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Either from Proto-Indo-European eye-iterative^[1] or eye-intensive^[2] *sokʷ-éye-ti, or innovated stative *sokʷ-h₁-yé-ti,^[3] both from *sekʷ- (“to say”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sagjaną

to say

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 3 j-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*sagjō	*sagjaų	—	—	—
2nd singular	*sagaisi	*sagjais	*sagai	—	—
3rd singular	*sagaiþi	*sagjai	*sagjaþau	—	—
1st dual	*sagjōs	*sagjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sagjaþiz	*sagjaiþiz	*sagjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*sagjamaz	*sagjaim	—	—	—
2nd plural	*sagaiþ	*sagjaiþ	*sagaiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*sagjanþi	*sagjain	*sagjanþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sagdǭ	*sagdēdį̄
2nd singular	*sagdēz	*sagdēdīz
3rd singular	*sagdē	*sagdēdī
1st dual	*sagdēdū	*sagdēdīw
2nd dual	*sagdēdudiz	*sagdēdīdiz
1st plural	*sagdēdum	*sagdēdīm
2nd plural	*sagdēdud	*sagdēdīd
3rd plural	*sagdēdun	*sagdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*sagjandz	*sagdaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *saggjan
- Old English: seċġan
  - Middle English: seggen, seyen, sayen
    - Scots: say, sa
    - English: say
- Old Frisian: sedza, sidza
  - North Frisian: seja, siie
  - West Frisian: sizze
- Old Saxon: seggian
  - Middle Low German: seggen
    - Low German: seggen
- Old Dutch: seggen
  - Middle Dutch: seggen
    - Dutch: zeggen
      - Afrikaans: sê
      - Javindo: seg, seggen, sèè
      - Jersey Dutch: sääxxe
      - Petjo: sehhen
    - Limburgish: zègke
- Old High German: sagēn
  - Middle High German: sagen
    - Alemannic German: säge
      - Alsatian: soeje (near Fränkisch areas, in Northern Alsace), sawe (Central), sàge (South)
      - Swabian:
        Sathmar Swabian: sage
      - Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
    - Bavarian: sogn, sågn, song (phonetic spelling), soon (Timau), sång
    - Central Franconian: sage
    - German: sagen
    - Luxembourgish: soen
    - Vilamovian: ziön
    - Yiddish: זאָגן (zogn)
Old Norse: segja
- Icelandic: segja
- Faroese: siga
- Norwegian Nynorsk: seia, segja
- Jamtish: segi
- Elfdalian: saja
- Old Swedish: sæghia, sighia
  - Swedish: säga
- Old Danish: sæghiæ, sighæ
  - Danish: sige
    - Norwegian Bokmål: si
  - Scanian: siğa, sæğa
- Old Gutnish: segia
  - Gutnish: säge

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 526-527
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sagjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 133

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *sek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 526-527

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sagjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420

[3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 133

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