Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-ye-ti, perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”).[1] See *skaþô (“damage”) for more cognates.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skaþjaną

  1. to mar; damage
  2. to injure; hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skaþjō *skaþjaų — *skaþjai ?
2nd singular *skaþisi *skaþjais *skaþi *skaþjasai *skaþjaisau
3rd singular *skaþiþi *skaþjai *skaþjaþau *skaþjaþai *skaþjaiþau
1st dual *skaþjōs *skaþjaiw — — —
2nd dual *skaþjaþiz *skaþjaiþiz *skaþjaþiz — —
1st plural *skaþjamaz *skaþjaim — *skaþjanþai *skaþjainþau
2nd plural *skaþiþ *skaþjaiþ *skaþiþ *skaþjanþai *skaþjainþau
3rd plural *skaþjanþi *skaþjain *skaþjanþau *skaþjanþai *skaþjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skōd *skōdį̄
2nd singular *skōst *skōdīz
3rd singular *skōd *skōdī
1st dual *skōdū *skōdīw
2nd dual *skōdudiz *skōdīdiz
1st plural *skōdum *skōdīm
2nd plural *skōdud *skōdīd
3rd plural *skōdun *skōdīn
present past
participles *skaþjandz *skadanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
    • Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
      • Middle English: sceþþen
  • Old Norse: skeðja
    • Icelandic: skeðja
    • ⇒ Norwegian:
      • Norwegian Bokmål: skade
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: skade, ska (short form), skada (long form with a or cleft infinitive)
    • ⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)
    • ⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)
  • Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skaþjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 441
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