Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spehōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”).[1] Cognate with Latin speciō (“look, stare, behold”), Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈspe.xɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*spehōną[1]

  1. to peer, look, spy

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *spehō *spehǭ — *spehōi ?
2nd singular *spehōsi *spehōs *spehō *spehōsai *spehōsau
3rd singular *spehōþi *spehō *spehōþau *spehōþai *spehōþau
1st dual *spehōs *spehōw — — —
2nd dual *spehōþiz *spehōþiz *spehōþiz — —
1st plural *spehōmaz *spehōm — *spehōnþai *spehōnþau
2nd plural *spehōþ *spehōþ *spehōþ *spehōnþai *spehōnþau
3rd plural *spehōnþi *spehōn *spehōnþau *spehōnþai *spehōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *spehōdǭ *spehōdēdį̄
2nd singular *spehōdēz *spehōdēdīz
3rd singular *spehōdē *spehōdēdī
1st dual *spehōdēdū *spehōdēdīw
2nd dual *spehōdēdudiz *spehōdēdīdiz
1st plural *spehōdēdum *spehōdēdīm
2nd plural *spehōdēdud *spehōdēdīd
3rd plural *spehōdēdun *spehōdēdīn
present past
participles *spehōndz *spehōdaz

Derived terms

  • *spehô
  • *spehō

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *spehōn
    • Old Saxon: *spehōn
    • Old Dutch: *spion
    • Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))
    • → Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spexōjanan ~ *spaxōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 363
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