Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/speḱ-

*speḱ-^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

1. to see, to look, to observe

The Greek roots show a metathesized *sḱep-.

• *spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)
• *spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti
    • Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti
      • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)
• *spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset
    • Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)
  • Proto-Italic: *speksai
    • Latin: spexī
• *spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)
• *spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō
    • Ancient Greek: σκοπέω (skopéō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati
      • Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)
• *spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és
• *speḱ-u-s
  • Proto-Italic: *spekus
    • Latin: specus
• *speḱ-yeh₁-s
  • Proto-Italic: *spekjēs
    • Latin: speciēs
• *spoḱ-ó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *spokós
    • Ancient Greek: σκοπός (skopós)
• *spoḱ-éh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *spahō, *spehō
    • Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
      • Old Saxon: *speha
        • Middle Low German: *spē
          • Low German: spee
      • Old Dutch: *spia
        • Middle Dutch: spie
          • Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
      • Old High German: speha
        • Middle High German: spehe, spē
          • German: Spähe
    • Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
      • Old Norse: spá
        • Icelandic: spá
    • → Proto-Samic: *pākō (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́
    • Ancient Greek: σκοπή (skopḗ)
• *spéḱ-mn̥
  • Proto-Italic: *spekmen
    • Latin: specimen (inserted i)
• *spéḱ-tis
  • Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis
    • Ancient Greek: σκέψις (sképsis)
• *spḱ-tós
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás
      • Sanskrit: स्पष्ट (spaṣṭá)
    • Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)
      • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)
  • Proto-Italic: *spektos
    • Latin: spectus
    • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)
• *spéḱ-tḗr
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā
    • Proto-Iranian: *spáštā
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)
• *spéḱ-tro-m
  • Proto-Italic: *spektrom
    • Latin: spectrum
• *spéḱ-tlo-m
  • Proto-Italic: *spektlom
    • Latin: speculum, specula

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)
  • Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /⁠spās⁠/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /⁠əspās⁠/)
  • Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spās⁠/, “service, worship, respect”)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)

    Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼰𐼼 (ʾspʾs), 𐼼𐼾𐼰𐼼 (spʾs)

    Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)

  • Kurdish:
    • Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)
    • Northern Kurdish: spas
    • Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)
  • Parthian: (/⁠(a)spās⁠/, “service”)

    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)

    • → Old Armenian: սպաս (spas)
    • → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs /⁠aspās⁠/, “service”)
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠(i)spās⁠/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)

    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)

    Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)

    • Persian: سپاس (sepâs) (see there for further descendants)

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-
    • Sanskrit: स्पश् (spaś)
  • Proto-Iranian: *spac-
    • Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)
    • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)
    • Sogdian: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼰𐼷𐽁 (ʾspʾyš), 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷𐽁‎ (ʾspyš‎), 𐼼𐼾𐼷𐽁 (spyš), 𐼼𐼾𐼶𐽁 (spxš)
• Proto-Tocharian: *päk-