Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/titrōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *di-dr-eh₂-ti, a reduplicated formation from a root *dr- (“to run”) (thus "to move back and forth" > "to tremble"), whence also Proto-Germanic *trudaną (“to tread”). Cognate with Ancient Greek διδράσκω (didráskō, “to run”), Sanskrit दरिद्रत् (dáridrat, “to wander”).^[1]

Alternatively, onomatopoeic.^[2]

Verb

*titrōną

to tremble, shake

Conjugation

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*titrō	*titrǭ	—	*titrōi	?
2nd singular	*titrōsi	*titrōs	*titrō	*titrōsai	*titrōsau
3rd singular	*titrōþi	*titrō	*titrōþau	*titrōþai	*titrōþau
1st dual	*titrōs	*titrōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*titrōþiz	*titrōþiz	*titrōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*titrōmaz	*titrōm	—	*titrōnþai	*titrōnþau
2nd plural	*titrōþ	*titrōþ	*titrōþ	*titrōnþai	*titrōnþau
3rd plural	*titrōnþi	*titrōn	*titrōnþau	*titrōnþai	*titrōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*titrōdǭ	*titrōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*titrōdēz	*titrōdēdīz
3rd singular	*titrōdē	*titrōdēdī
1st dual	*titrōdēdū	*titrōdēdīw
2nd dual	*titrōdēdudiz	*titrōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*titrōdēdum	*titrōdēdīm
2nd plural	*titrōdēdud	*titrōdēdīd
3rd plural	*titrōdēdun	*titrōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*titrōndz	*titrōdaz

Descendants

Old High German: zittarōn, *zitarōn
- Middle High German: zitern, zittern
  - German: zittern
    - → Middle Dutch: tzitteren [15th c.]
      - Dutch: sidderen
        Afrikaans: sidder
  - → Middle Low German: sēteren, setteren, z-
Old Norse: titra
- Icelandic: titra
- Faroese: titra
- → Middle English: *titeren (in titeringe)
  - English: titter, teeter, (possibly) didder, dither

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*titrōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 518-9
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*titrōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*titrōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 518-9

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*titrōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[1]

[2]