Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/trudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr- (“to run”), compare *drem- (“to run, sleep”) and *dreh₂- (“to run”) (the latter whence Sanskrit द्रा (drā, “to run, make haste”)).[1] Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtru.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*trudaną

  1. to tread, to step on

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of (strong class 4)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *trudō *trudaų — *trudai ?
2nd singular *trudizi *trudaiz *trud *trudazai *trudaizau
3rd singular *trudidi *trudai *trudadau *trudadai *trudaidau
1st dual *trudōz *trudaiw — — —
2nd dual *trudadiz *trudaidiz *trudadiz — —
1st plural *trudamaz *trudaim — *trudandai *trudaindau
2nd plural *trudid *trudaid *trudid *trudandai *trudaindau
3rd plural *trudandi *trudain *trudandau *trudandai *trudaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *trad *trēdį̄
2nd singular *trast *trēdīz
3rd singular *trad *trēdī
1st dual *trēdū *trēdīw
2nd dual *trēdudiz *trēdīdiz
1st plural *trēdum *trēdīm
2nd plural *trēdud *trēdīd
3rd plural *trēdun *trēdīn
present past
participles *trudandz *trudanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-. However, the Medieval Latin loanword trot(t)ō suggests that the original vocalism may have been retained in some High German varieties.

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tredan- ~ *trudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 521
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